Why you chose the qualitative versus quantitative approach Assignment

Why you chose the qualitative versus quantitative approach - Assignment Example Hence, qualitative researches have proven to be used widely in GI nurses field. Nursing is primarily interpretive. Nurses have an interest in the daily health experiences with their patients, and much qualitative research makes nurses think about their practice (Sandelowski et al. 2012). Patients have diverse perceptions of an issue that do not always fit into numerical quantitative research approaches. The qualitative approach allows nurses to review previous findings of an issue because the method does not have rigid formula and calculations like the quantitative approach. Qualitative analysis is better set to provide information about the meaning of a disease of patients and the way it has affected their life. It is rich in providing personal information and experiences through the interviews. Nursing is a field of practice that borrows much of its information and knowledge from other diverse fields like medicine and psychology (Leeman and Sandelowski, 2012). The research analysis method adopted thus should depend on knowing the experiences of the participants through getting their views. A qualitative approach is interpretive and inductive and can create knowledge about human health and the disease experience of a participant. Qualitative knowledge and information depend on data on the social context with the main aspect being the comprehension of human experiences. It is thus the most befitting approach for the nursing practice, as opposed to the quantitative research method. It ensures a unique perspective of the study question or issue and it always gives a deep insight into human beings when compared to quantitative analysis, which is an essential aspect of the nursing practice (Sandelowski and Leeman,

Employee Compensation and Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Employee Compensation and Benefits - Essay Example However, it is worthwhile to note that it is expected to vary annually given the fact that the employee’s selections may vary. From the above, salary is the biggest portion; and it includes commissions and other bonuses that may arise. Of important to note is that salary determine the level of some benefits including insurances. Health and welfare benefit which includes education reimbursement; vision and dental coverage are important benefits that extend to the employees’ families in order for the employee to have the needed resources to maintain good health at a recommended and affordable cost. As such, it is an advantage to the company given that it increases the well being of its employee contributing to the rise of productivity and growth (Mitchell et al., 2003). The saving and retirement plans are equally important as they will provide the employee with resources to assist in planning his or her retirement. Additionally, these benefits guarantee or offer an employee a cost-of-living adjusted earnings for life in retirement. As such, it reassures the employee that the future is taken care of and as such, s/he is therefore, able to concentrate and work towards accomplishing the company’s set objectives. It s worth noting that most employees understand the benefits of retirement plans and most a percentage of potential employees are said o refuse jobs that lack the retirement benefits. Offering an attractive retirement benefit will not benefit the employee but will also be an advantage to the company given that it will lower turnover rates. Essentially, this benefit will assist the company not only be in a position to recruit talented employees but also retain and boost their working morale. Equally enough social security and medicare a re significant benefits to the employees and indirectly to the company. As noted above, the company need to attract and maintain a high value workforce so as

Factors Involved in the Tanker Contract Essay Example for Free

Factors Involved in the Tanker Contract Essay Issues that relate to security are of key concern to all nations (Meyer, 2007). The national security and internal defense are some of the sectors that are allocated lump sums of resources in the budgetary allocation (Meyer, 2007). Such allocations are in line with the perceived importance that the area of defense has. The united states as a country is no stranger to conflict and is one of the country that has been involved in external conflict for long periods of time both in the 20th and 21st century (Meyer, 2007). The politics involved in the security are some of the most interesting and widely covered happenings in the US press. Financial power is seen to go in line with military power in that countries that have the financial ability tend to develop their military capabilities and the same can be said of countries that have military abilities. National security is an area of key concern and therefore there is lots of secrecy involved in its dealings (Meyer, 2007). The nature of the deals often require utmost confidentiality from the parties involved and therefore many transactions happen in well defined and approved channels. The military association are developed with time and may be extended to association in other areas since its better to develop good relations with persons with security details that could be detrimental to the country if leaked (Meyer, 2007). The military world has been developing with technological improvements and the military equipments currently being used are characterized by more accuracy and considerable throughput (Verkuil, 2007). These two factors are but a few of the considerations in choosing a partner or a contractor that will help in developing certain aspects of the security system (Verkuil, 2007). It therefore does not come as a surprise that military procurement procedures and processes have considerable controversy since people have varied views on efficiency and security implications (Verkuil, 2007). This research paper analyses the issues involved in the airforce contract tender to build tankers between Boeing and Northrop Grumman with the aim of highlighting key issues involved in addressing security critical details. Background Boeing KC-767 is one of the military aerial refueling strategy that had been developed by Boeing 767-200 (CBS News, 2008). The tanker was designated KC-767 after it was selected by the US airforce to replace the KC-135s. However, in December of 2003, the contract was frozen after corruption allegation on the bidding process were forwarded. The development of the project is said to have cost Boeing over $ 1 Billion as the project was based on the assumption that the US airforce will be the chief consumer. Ever since the freezing of the project the Italian and the Chinese government have each ordered a number of these tankers. To address the KC-X competition the Boeing offered the 7627-200 Long range freighter which is based on the KC-767 (Online News Hour, 2008). However, the Department of defense selected KC-30 which was developed by Northrop Grumman (CBS News, 2008). The Boeing company on the 11th March 2008 submitted a protest on the decisions made by the airforce, the United States accountability office upheld their protests and in so doing the status of the KC-45A was placed in doubt and therefore the Boeing company was again in position to bid for the contract (CBS News, 2008). This was no to be since the US government in September 2008 terminated all bids on the KC-X (CBS News, 2008). In March 2002, the US airforce selected Boeings KC-767 on the grounds that it had clearly demonstrated the abilities to meet their requirements. The United States Airforce (USAF) in their acceptance statement brought out four points that they cited as being behind their decision (CBS News, 2008). The Boeings design was designated KC-767A and was included in DODs 2004 model designation report. Approximately 100 KC-767 tankers were leased from Boeing for the air refueling program. Even though the refueling program was in place in many countries in the US, many had questions about its effectiveness and cost implications especially the idea of leasing crafts which may never have any buyer once the lease period was over. This argument brought forward by senator McCain was however countered by the number of US allies who were more than willing to buy their used crafts (CBS News, 2008). The congressional budget office was next in line as they criticized the budget stressing on its fiscal irresponsibility (United States Government Accountability Office, 2008). This led to the striking of a deal where the state would buy 80 KC-767 and lease twenty (United States Government Accountability Office, 2008). However, in December of 2003, the pentagon announced that the project had to be frozen due to a corruption allegation brought against one of its former staffer (CBS News, 2008). Furthermore, documentations that proved that the A330 based tankers were more suited to the task specifications of the airforce were more cost effective relative to Boeing tankers were found (CBS News, 2008). The scandal led to the sentencing of the culprit who pleaded guilty to corruptions and led to the resignation of Boeings CEO. Donald Rumsfeld in 2006 announced the cancellation of the KC-767A leases as a measure aimed at cutting the costs and a redefinition of the USAF mission (United States Government Accountability Office, 2008). The defense secretary further stated that the move will not in any way affects the mission of the KC-767A as the upgrade of the KC-135s fleets will help in moving towards the goals (United States Government Accountability Office, 2008). However, the development did no affect the relationships between Boeing and its other customers. The development were however short lived and Boeing and Northrop were soon back in the ring fighting for a big defense contract. The basis of Boeings arguments was that the KC-30 was more versatile and had a large furl capacity than the KC-135 that were being used by the airforce. The KC-135 was developed by Boeing who were bidding for an airforce contract against their nemesis Northrop Grumman . The latter won this round of battle as the departments of defense announced that it has won the tender to procure 179 new KC-45A tankers (Online News Hour, 2008). The Boeing company almost immediately took to the Government Accountability Office and filed a protests claiming the evaluation of its KC-30 was unfair (Online News Hour, 2008). Boeing further claimed that its refueling tanker could easily be reconverted to a passenger plane compared to Northrops version as shown in the Air forces post decision briefing. According to Boeings vice president they had more strengths than their competitors was all he heard from the post decision briefing. Boeings protests led to a review of the selection process by the accountability office which forced Northrop to freeze the project which it had already allocated $ 35 billion (Online News Hour, 2008). Northrop Grumman executives are on the other hand highlighting the irresponsibility involved in freezing a critical project to the development of the military for expensive lobbying in the congress that will inevitably lead to a change of the decisions made by the airforce (Online News Hour, 2008). Northrop Grumman executives further claim the decision is ironic since they put their best efforts in ensuring that the airforce receives a products that they consider the best in consideration of the design (Online News Hour, 2008). They are pushing for the public knowledge of the facts of what they represents and what they are not. The congress was divided sharply on this issue and so was the general public. Boeing supporters claim that the Northrop Grumman design was a basic passenger airbus plane (Online News Hour, 2008). A Kansas congress man was cited claiming that the decisions made by the airforce was a bad one as the airforce as it has bend backwards to deal with a French company (Online News Hour, 2008). Boeings die hards near its main production facility claimed that it is the only true tanker manufacturers and a mistake had been made (Online News Hour, 2008). A Washington senator supported this point of view and claimed that offering a military contract to a foreign company was suicidal and would incapacitate Americas ability to develop their own fleet if they should ever pull out of the deal (Online News Hour, 2008). An Alabama state senators is of a different view and approached the subject from a resource allocations view point (Online News Hour, 2008). People near Northrop are bound to benefit more that those near the Boeing plants and therefore there senators have opinions that display their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the resource allocations (Online News Hour, 2008). She further states that there have to be losers and winner either way (Online News Hour, 2008). The Boeing group further accuse the airforce of a change in parameter in order to accommodate the design put up by Northrop Grumman so as to ensure two bidders are present (Online News Hour, 2008). Even though many are of the view that the airforce was trying to lock out Boeing due to the scandals it previously had, Boeing executives were of the view that was not the case as the specifications that were asked by the airforce were changed considerably to ensure Northrop was in the race (Online News Hour, 2008). They further claim that the large sized tanker proposed by the Northrop was a liability and only countries not interested in their taxi ways would allow for such aircrafts. The Northrop group however counter this argument by stating that their design is more sophisticated and has advantages that are yet to be seen (Online News Hour, 2008). Issues Boeing is one of the worlds best known manufactures of aircrafts and so is Northrop Grumman who are the manufacturers of the airbus (Online News Hour, 2008). These are two top brands who are obviously competing in other areas of business and therefore any decision that involve them is bound to raise considerable heat. It should b noted that both are American companies though Northrop Grumman is partly owned by a French company. The nature of the contract which involves the security of America as a nation is a matter of national concern as it involves the development of structures that could ensure the growth of security systems. Boeing and Grumman being business structures, such a big contract will obviously attract the interest of stakeholders from both sides. There are a number of key issues that have been brought out by the airforce contracts which include: i. Politics Military contracts are a matter of public concern since it is in place to protect the public, the resources used in the military contracts are derived from taxpayers and therefore the failure of such projects will be a waste of taxpayers money (Meyer, 2007). When McCain questioned the cost effectiveness in leasing planes that would otherwise have no values when their lease period was over his motive as the senator of Alabama was to ensure that the taxpayers money is channeled to useful projects. Furthermore, it is quite clear that the politicians have the ability to shoot down potentially useful deals due to what Northrop Grumman executives refer to as expensive lobbying. Politics is not always objective for there are situations where the stakes involved are shielded from the public and though the politics and viewpoints will be developed to suit the public, the real reasons are often personal (Meyer, 2007). The inclusion of politics in such cases therefore has both advantages and disadvantages and should be weighed carefully. Military procurement just like any other public procurement scheme is prone to corruption, this was the case in the original contract that was brought to an end by Rumsfeld in 2006. Moreover, the big money involved in military procurement processes act as a natural catalysts for corruption, therefore there is need to come up with a robust self regulated systems that will ensure that such unethical practices are not in anyway included in the procurement process, the congress thus comes into the picture (Meyer, 2007). However, the political system is not known for its objectivity. In the cases, some of the reasons brought out against Northrop Grumman are flimsy and lack in objectivity. The fact that there will be lobbying is a clear sign that there will be loss in objectivity thus the decision will tend to favor groups that are be able to garner enough political support in the congress. Furthermore, the political system is one of the most corrupt system there is and the rationale in placing such a system to guard against corruption is questionable. ii. Security Military procurement is a security critical matter (Meyer, 2007). The military is in place to ensure that the US is protected against its external enemies (Meyer, 2007). The seriousness with which the equipment tendering process is treated and the keen eye that the media watches the unfolding of such events relay the importance placed on the military by the American people. The US is traditionally a fighting nation and the effectiveness of its military and equipments is one of the factors that has cemented its place as a world power. Military activities require high levels of secrecy (Meyer, 2007). There is need to come up with effective equipments that can be used in varied situations. It should be noted that the arguments brought forward by the executives from both sides are centered around the superiority of their products or the weaknesses of their opposite. The need for accuracy and well developed products that have the required reputation are some of the considerations that led to the two big companies making it to the final stage. The two companies are multinationals that have developed their brands all over the globe. It is noteworthy that when the US defense secretary cancels Boeings leases other nations still seek their products and are continues seeking the products that have been labeled cost ineffective due to the reputation associated with their brand name. The importance of the security system is seen in the number of avenues and legislative systems that have been put in place to ensure that the process is done in a just manner (Krishnan, 2008). When the airforce declares that Northrop Grumman had won the bid for the airforce tankers, Boeing seeks redress through a different avenue: Public accountability office. The office looks at their complaints and decides to freeze the process. It should be noted that it was the same office that had early in the decades frozen a billion dollar Boeing contract due to corruption charges. Even though there are systems put in place to ensure proper procedures in procurement of services and services, they can be outdone easily (Krishnan, 2008). The corruption allegations made in the initial Boeing contracts are a clear case where the protocols were overridden and it only came to realization a couple of months after the contracts had been signed. Furthermore, the fact that is was later found out that a different design could meet the specifications made by the airforce with reduced costs clearly show that even though the guidelines are put in place they are rarely followed thus the need for a system or authority that will follow up on the recommendations and processes to ensure that they conform to the laid out guidelines. Some politicians have argued that the French affiliation of the airbus manufacturer is in itself a security risk and therefore a purely American company should be contracted. However, such a contracting systems will obviously lock out other capable companies and therefore bring about questions on the integrity of the bidding process. America has prided itself as being a liberalized nation, putting up measures that will lock out other qualified members on the basis of the compositions of its investors is contrary to the spirit of liberalization. Furthermore, being involved with a company that has partnered with a success story in Europe shields the tanker project from American economic downtimes though it effectively ensures that the project is affected by the happening in Europe. It is unrealistic to lobby for Boeing on the basis of confidentiality; a company that has already shown traces of corruption cannot be trusted and neither can a company that is yet to prove its worth in the military sector. Therefore, system should be put in place to ensure that the projects are monitored and compared to some given standards if either is to be awarded the contract. iii. Stability The US is the father of capitalism and is therefore a country that is characterized by intense competition between industry players who will always be on the look for additional finances that will ensure their development into the future (Verkuil, 2007). On the day it was reported that Northrop Grumman had won the military contracts its share prices rose by over 20 cents and Boeings shares fell by a couple of cents (CBS News, 2008). Note, the development in the contract procurement were being watched by investors who will then make their decisions on which company to invest in. Even though the large money involved in the transactions may be enough to lure investors into channeling their resources to a particular company, the reputation involved in being a company contracted with one of the worlds best airforce to develop its aircraft tankers is enough to cause significant changes in the companys share index. Being a capitalistic economy where entities gain at the expense of others, Boeing is bound to feel the pinch. The situation is made worse by the consideration that Boeing has a well developed reputation and therefore failure to win a contract from a partner that it has associated with for a long time may be taken by the investors and its consumers in the wrong light. It may imply that the partner does not trust its capacity to develop superiors products or has doubts on its potential to remain productive. To bring the idea of reputation into perspective, many are of the notion that the corruptions charges brought against Boeing may have affected its chances of successfully bidding for the contract (Verkuil, 2007). This holds considerable weight in that the military is not all about facilities but also reputation. The American people and its enemies will always keep a keen eye on the military and any transactions conducted with a partner who is proved to be corrupt will dent on its integrity thus its reputation. Conclusion Awarding a contract to a company to deliver services that are of public interest is a complex process and will always involve the media and many other systems that have been put in place to ensure the safety of the public. Individual good and interest will always be central in the arguments brought forward by most people, this is more pronounced if the contract will significantly affect many people. It is therefore upon the government and the social systems to ensure that the systems put in place to ensure effectiveness of the bidding process are functioning properly and are robust enough to deal with the dynamism associated with such processes. If need be, changes must be instituted to ensure that the system are functioning. The products delivered must measure up to some predetermined standards to ensure quality and accountability. These measures and other quality management measures if well integrated into the bidding and implementation of contracts that are of public interest will ensure that the public benefits in the best possible way. Word Count: 3271 Reference List CBS News (2008). Boeing Spurned On Huge Air Force Contract. Retrieved 13 October 2008 from http://www. cbsnews. com/stories/2008/02/29/business/main3894669. shtml? source=RSSattr=Business_3894669 Krishnan, A. (2008). War as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Meyer, J. (2007). Working in a War Zone: Military Contractors. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. Online News Hour (2008). Boeing, Northrop Grumman Clash Over Tanker Contract. Retrieved 13 October 2008 from http://www. pbs. org/newshour/bb/military/jan-june08/tanker_05-06. html. United States Government Accountability Office (2008). Statement Regarding the Bid Protest Decision Resolving the Aerial Refueling Tanker Protest by The Boeing Company. Retrieved 13 October 2008 from http://www. governmentexecutive. com/pdfs/061808cd1. pdf Verkuil, R. (2007). Outsourcing Sovereignty: Why Privatization of Government Functions Threatens Democracy and what We Can Do about it. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Internet and Books Essay Example for Free

Internet and Books Essay In today’s modern world, technology has a great influence on our life and time. Back in the early 19th century, when electronic devices had not been invented, the population could only use printed word such as books, posters, newspapers or magazines, to gather information. Later, in the mid 20th century, the use of computers, televisions and radios helped people to know about the incidents happening all around the world, more easily. Now, in the 21st century, the creation of internet and other devices to access it has helped us to attain gigabytes of information, just with the click of our mouse. The internet has made it possible for us to acquire answers for almost all of the questions that we ask, and has alleviated the access to information to almost every topic imaginable. Firstly, internet helps to save time and effort. All you need to do is type in your question and click SEARCH. It can give an answer to almost every question type in, and it is usually very quick, speedy and fast. On the other hand, using books or other printed texts can waste time, as you need to find the appropriate book and then search for the information you need from it. For example, while searching for a book in the library, you waste time trying to reach there, and even more time trying to find the book you need. Despite this, time is also lost when you try to find the information that is useful to you from the book. Whereas the internet acts as a filter that sieves out all the data you need, in a span of seconds. However it can be argued that using electronic devices can cause distractions and disturbances. Using the internet can divert your attention to some other unrelated site and will cause you to waste time. For instance, you may login to facebook or twitter, or check your mail instead of researching and using the time well. On the contrary, you cannot be easily distracted in a library where silence is preferred, and is filled with people who want to work. But if the internet is used properly, and if the person has a self control over himself the internet has more advantages comparing to printed texts. So in short internet can be a time-saver only if used wisely. Alternatively, the internet can sometimes provide us with unreliable information. It is like a blank page in which people are allowed to post whatever they want, and sometimes even the wrong information. As exemplified by blogs, in which anyone can post their opinions and views on a topic, the internet can be a source of unreliable and inaccurate information as it contains the judgement of different individuals and not the actual facts. On the contrary, printed texts can be a great source of reliable information. Books are written by experienced authors who have researched well about the topic themselves before publishing it. A library can assure you that the book in your hand is dependable and trustworthy. In spite of being unreliable, internet can provide us with up-to-date data. It offers information on the most recent discoveries and inventions, the latest cars or other products and about the contemporary incidents and happenings all around the world. However once a book is published, any recent findings cannot be added to it. There are always new developments in the field of health, science, technology and politics that the library simply cannot keep up with. Therefore, the internet can provide us with the latest news about our modern day developments and can be dependable only if used properly by checking the sources of a particular website. Thirdly, glaring at a screen for a long period of time can cause various eye and back problems. Computer vision syndromes like eye strain and cataracts are caused by glaring at the computer screen for prolonged periods. Millions develop a condition called ‘dry eye’, resulting in gritty, itchy, inflamed eyes, due to staring at the screen for hours. The light from computer screens can cause drastic problems to your eyes, and sometimes even partial blindness. Unlike computer screens, books can be very easy to read as they are just words printed on paper. However there are many solutions to prevent the damage caused to eyes by computer screens. Screen filters can be bought to reduce the amount of light radiation hitting our eyes. There are also many softwares that can transfer the information audibly or with the help of videos, and do not require data to be read. Regular breaks, and turning away from the screen constantly can also help in avoiding eye and back problems. Usually, there is an option to zoom in, which enables people to read easily. Unlike computers, books cannot be zoomed in, when the letters are too small to be visible, causing eye problems as well. So the problems caused by glaring at computer screens or reading the small printed texts in books, can be reduced by taking regular breaks and exercises, as anything in excess is not good for our health. Moreover, a lot of paper is wasted in the creation of books and magazines. Deforestation, being one of the greatest threats that humans are facing today, is increased by the production of paper in books. A few sheets of paper could be worth one tree. Hence the number of trees is reducing day by day. Obviously, trees are vital for our living as they are the natural producers of food. Deforestation not only causes scarcity of food and other resources, but also results in the rise of the earth’s temperature, causing global warming. In contrast to books, modern technology like mobile phones, computers or tablets does not harm the environment to a very great extent. In the case of computers the energy used is electricity, which is renewable and can be created again and again. The internet is a huge database, and more information can be adjoined into it, very easily. However books are created from sheets of paper, and if the number of books increase, then the level of deforestation can increase correspondingly. To reduce the destruction of the earth’s forests by deforestation, paper should be recycled and not wasted. Instead it is much easier to use the help of modern technology that functions with the help of renewable energy, which does not have a great impact on nature. Therefore modern electronics has made it possible to overcome a huge problem to the environment. In conclusion, modern technology has many positive uses; it has made the world a smaller place by allowing us to contact individuals all around the world, many electronic devices are very cheap making it affordable to all and has also allowed people to find out about the news and incidents happening all around the world. But every good has some bad, and the extensive use of technology can be harmful to our health. I strongly believe that modern technology has been very helpful and useful to the human population. It has eased our access to information in very sustainable manner, and has connected the world together.

Eco-Translatoloty: English Translation of Chinese Classics

Eco-Translatoloty: English Translation of Chinese Classics Study on the Development of English Translation of Chinese Classics from the perspective of Eco-translatology Keywords: Ecological Translation Studies, the Chinese classics, translation, traditional culture, development trend. Abstract. Eco translation studies is the use of ecological rationality, from the perspective of ecological integrity of research conducted overview of translation. Ecological Studies on translation and cultural tradition of literary translation and translation studies doctrine itself poses a challenge. It digestion for the translation of the selection process anthropocentric mindset, and construction of a new paradigm, according to this paradigm or principle, the translation of the selection is not based on their own subjective likes and dislikes translator , but rather it should be based on self-selected text translatability. This should ensure that translation studies as a scientific discipline basic premise. As a sub-discipline of translation studies, translation studies has its own ecological characteristics: both to the translation of the excavations carried out in order to peruse its translatability in the process of translation should be possible to preserve the original text in the target language of ecology balance. Introduction From the 1990s, translation studies teaching model has been more and more attention of scholars parties. But the current translation teaching mode mostly from translation theory and educational theory in two directions, from the overall concept and the system cannot analyze the concept of the existing problems. In todays era of globalization, with increasingly frequent cultural exchanges among peoples, the role of translation has become more and more indispensable. Thus the study of translation will no doubt be referred to the academic research agenda. Translation Studies, Translation Studies or, after having gone through cultural shift will be where development has become a common problem of domestic and international translation researchers think. In the past few years, through the joint efforts of scholars, or Translation Studies Translation Studies has made great progress, which finally established his position in the territory of discipline, but is moving in a relatively independent and mature Humanities and Social Sciences branch of the direction of development. Ecological translation studies should be regarded as a branch of translation studies. Translation Studies ecological ecology theory and criticism along with methods other scholars in literature is being translated rise, it is strongly traditional literary and cultural translation and translation studies doctrine itself poses a challenge. But in the contemporary translation studies, there is still a considerable number of scholars of this branch of the significance and vitality skeptical. Given the ecological Translation Studies research in fact already exists in the practice of translation studies, and therefore the relationship between ecological research or ecological criticism of this paper is to explore ecological translation studies and literature. Ecological translation studies started in 2001 is in full swing in 2009. This is a gradual process. If our system of discourse constructed as an output result of this process, then the result is bound to have its occurrence, the basis for development, the premise and conditions, etc. Consequently, many students believe that translation can only teach courses probably do not even trust the ability of teachers in translation. The new school was to explore ecological Translation Translation Teaching Model provides a new perspective. State translation theory as the basic principles and ideas of the guidance based on Darwinian adaptation / selection and proposed Translation as Adaptation and Selection, not only to emphasize the ecological integrity of the entire system of translation, also re-interpretation of the nature of translation, process and methods a series of translation phenomena. Ecological Translation Studies believes that the use of traditional translation teaching translation skills to translate the lack of practice relevance, the translator should pay attention to the text which the translation environment, in order to adapt to the ecological environment to make a dynamic selection of different degrees, such as cultural texts, authors, readers and other mutual interaction between ecological subsystems, therefore, teachers improve students language skills at the same time, but also to strengthen the cultural, religious, social and historical background of knowledge and understanding to do the translation between the various sub-ecosystems integrity and relevance, so as to make the translation theory and techniques to explain and use have a reasonable explanation.       Figure.1 Eco-translatology The Proposed Methodology Ecological Paradigm.Paradigm is a big concept. It is related to the specific field of study in a large direction and big principle is a way to study the overall concept or research mode, embodies value judgments and research methods. Ecological Studies repeatedly to locate its translation paradigm. Translation Studies in the field of ecology, said from the perspective of ecology explore Translation Theory ecological paradigm is gradually taking shape, and has been more and more recognition. The main sign is that many scholars in the study of basic concepts related issues, value judgments, research methods, and conclusions as well as the terms used are all pointing to essentially incorporate ecological Approach to Translation Theory. These aggregates ecological Translation Studies Community in recognition of Ecological translation researchers learn basic description translation, Translation Studies accepted guidelines for eco-translation studies, translation studies follow the research methods of ecological overall relevance, and their performing specific the study also used a common problem of the ecological value of the standard translation studies. These studies have not isolated, single case studies, and can be seen as joint research agreement under ecological Translation Theory Paradigm. Incidence order chain.Highlights associated chain sequence is: Given Translation is language, and language is part of culture; culture is the accumulation of human activity, and humanity is part of nature. Associated sequence chain reflects the expansion of horizons of human cognition and rational base path of progress, it is consistent with the basic laws of human cognitive evolution, both interactive and progressive nature of the feature, it can be said outlines progressive visual field of human cognition logical sequence and points to the inherent mechanism derived exhibition. The focus of translation studies from the translation itself to language, culture, human ecology, it has also been constantly repeated, interactive, just reflect this trend and its characteristics. We can see the interconnections between nature and biological translation, as well as the basic characteristics of the natural ecosystem and human social interaction common system. Ecological rationality.The so-called holistic / association, is to follow a rational ecology, the study of translation ecosystem, not just limited to the isolation of a sub-ecosystems (such as translation body ecosystems), or some stakeholders (such as translation activities funders) from an ecological rational perspective, the relevance and the need to take care of the integrity between different ecosystems. The so-called dynamic stress / balance, is to follow a rational ecology, the study of translation ecosystem, through the translation between the main object of attention, interaction translation subject and its external ecological environment influence each other, forming a translation of ecological interdependence homeostasis system. The so-called reflect the aesthetics, ecological rationality is to follow, the study of translation ecosystem, in the process of translation studies, both macro-level or micro level, has been the pursuit of aesthetic principles. Ecological rationality above has important guiding significance to build eco-system of translation studies discourse. I also believe there will be more and more rational use of theoretical ecology and applied translation studies translation studies. Translator center.One of the fundamental problems of translation theory is how to describe and explain the translator in the role. The importance of the translator in the translation process, but also makes the study of this issue has become an eternal topic translation industry. Ecological Translation Studies is the relationship between the translator and the translation environment. On the translator, he/she is an independent body, throughout the translation must be completed by the translator and the leading role of the consciousness. Translator in the different languages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and different cultures interacting forces interaction point, both the main body of the translation process, and is the cornerstone in Translation can be performed. Ecological Translation Studies believes that the translator is the sum of all translation process Contradictions. Translator centric concept to translate living, emotional, creative translator to the translation theory of reception, so that translation theory based on real, concrete basis translator, Translator centric concept proposed translation help make the Translator Studies research radius has been extended, and the theoretical level it has improved; the same time, the translator of self-respect, self-discipline and their own quality the increase also promoted. This orientation to the translator and the translator for the ultimate care of translation theory, its advantages become increasingly evident, so that aspect of the case studies translators centers, leading translator, translator subjects, etc. continued. Classics generation.Classics is the result of academic development, ideology and culture is a historical process evolving. In the long course of development, which includes at least three interdependent aspects: First, the spirit of thought; the second is to preserve the spirit of symbolic thought, that language; third shell material according to the language, such as paper and the like. Thing to do is to translate the spirit of ideological conversion from one language to another language, the language of its external form, internal texture is spiritual, ideological, cultural, and therefore not only to study the language translation conversion, but also the study of language TCEs after conversion. China is a country attaches great importance to the traditional history, resulting in a lot of history books, with excellent historical tradition. Dynasties will learn from the experience of the rise and fall of dynasties, learn, learn from history, past serve the present. History in China is a big subject, research has deep historical roots. Chinese culture of Confucianism and Taoism on Chinese peoples social life norms and spirit of the character played a significant role, its influence has never been interrupted, undoubtedly belongs to Chinese cultural classics in the central part, which belongs to China thinking class books. Chinese literature is a big country, rich literature, which basically reflects the spirit of Confucianism and Taoism, Buddhism or even thought can be said that Chinese literature is a concrete manifestation of Chinese thought and culture, so Chinese literature or Literature Classics is also an important part of Chinese culture classics. Translation in Chinese cultural classics of the 19th century, these two books translated into most English speakers, this study focused on Chinese thought and literature class books classics into English. Although it is a part of Chinese culture classics of science and technology, pharmaceutical, and other books geography class. Classics in Translation. Translation history to be able to provide a reference for contemporary translations, is learning from history, past serve the present, get past today play a role in the translation, so translators more than a reference current. In the such a purpose, this study will be noted in the description of translation of the language level, which is the translation of the operational level, focusing on comparison between the original and the translation, focusing on translation of key terms, as well as the important passages back into Chinese to find a place between two languages and two cultures What changes, sum up experience and lessons learned for the moment Translator service; in the analysis will include more perspectives on translation and translators, readers and society, level exchanges between different cultures, and use them as research. Starting from the microscopic and macroscopic gradual transition to the two links to a comprehensive study together, and s trive to the value of the 19th Century Chinese classics into English excavated. Ecological translation.Translation mention ecological science, people may soon expect is currently in the field of literary criticism very active eco-criticism. Ecological Criticism is from the perspective of the ecological environment for critical interpretation and explanation of literary phenomena, which after nearly two decades of practice has been a gradual transition from a problem-oriented movement of a methodological guide to literary criticism methods. Institute of ecology, ecological literary criticism or pointing to the ecological environment is the theme of writing. Of course, there are various forms of writing, originality is divided into writing and variability writing or rewriting. We should acknowledge that across the boundaries of language translation is to use another language the original text rewritten or some form of rewriting, which it contains both creative ingredients, but with a reproducible composition. Translation unlike creative writing, its anthropocentric consciousness will have a distinct deconstruction, then we engaged in translation studies should also take into account the translation has the opposite characteristics of deconstruction. It can be said, deconstructive ecological translation studies is that it ruthlessly digestion on the proposed translation of the selection process anthropocentric mindset, because for anthropocentric purposes, regardless of the text to be translated if the inherent translatability, as long as the translator would be happy to contribute to its reproduction in another language. In anthropocentric mindset, political and cultural enlightenment translation function is often inappropriate to play to a point where, as a consequence, its own laws also been destroyed. Ecological principles of translation studies will be reflected in the restrictions on the role of the translator: the translator must respect the original internal ecological structure, by carefully reading and deep understanding of the original discovery of this inner translatable to achieve with the author and translator equal exchange and dialogue between the text. Conclusion In todays cultural background, we emphasize that the translation should spread Chinese culture and literature in the world and make due contributions. Translation teaching mode ecological translation studies from the perspective into the teaching objectives, curriculum resources, translate the main object, and translate market demand and other factors, with more fresh content and a broader perspective. An empirical study of the Teaching of the above shows that the pattern of the information technology (interactive, virtual simulation capabilities and modern social networking tools) and translation teaching normalized integration can help students improve their translation ability, through the translation of language learning, but also through language learning the information they need. But, in this mode, how to improve the workshop cohesion and motivation, how to strengthen the supervision and guidance on how to improve students self-monitoring and self-control, how to render more e ffective ecological interactions it is possible further explore research questions. References 1. Tymoczko, Maria. Translation in a postcolonial context: Early Irish literature in English translation. Routledge, 2016. 2. Jia, Sun. A study of the conceptual metaphors in the representation of women in the Chinese novel the song of EV erlasting sorrow and the English translation. (2015). 3. Maier, Giulio, et al. The Complete Works of Gabrio Piola: Volume I Commented English Translation-English and Italian Edition. (2014). 4. Cox, Laurence, and Alf Gunvald Nilsen. Das Ende neoliberaler Hegemonie durch soziale Bewegungen?(English translation: Reading Neoliberalism as a Social Movement from Above). Theorie und Praxis 2016 (2016): 98-105. 5. Shinde, Smita Rambhau. A Socio-cultural Study of the Marathi Play in English Translation: with Reference to Satish Alekars Mahanirvan. International Journal of Multifaceted and Multilingual Studies 3.1 (2016).

Intellectual Property :: Star Trek Trekkie Websites Essays

Intellectual Property As I begin this narrative, readers will have to understand that I have been and always will be a Trekkie. The very first movie I was ever taken to see was Star Trek III: The Search for Spock. I was six months old and I did nothing but scream the entire time, but the fascination has nonetheless been there my entire life, and there is no twelve-step program to help me recover. That having been said, you might have some degree of understanding when I say that Viacom’s attempts in 1997 to eliminate all use of copyrighted material on fan sites, ranging from still pictures to movie and sound clips to the logos themselves, was war for me. For Viacom, the issue was that these copyrighted images were used at all. This spawned a whole host of further crackdowns and lawsuits in similar kingdoms of fanatics across the web. The situation I just described to you, while probably not the best example of the internet’s general abuse of intellectual property, is one of the earliest examples. Proper accreditation and documentation is a widespread problem on the internet, particularly now that the internet has grown in use and popularity. The internet hosts websites that directly violate the concept of intellectual property in ways that no other tool ever can. If copyrighted graphics or sound appear on any website trying to convey a message, particularly if these are recognizable to an average member of the site’s target audience, the validity of that argument is subconsciously undermined by the unaccredited presence of someone else’s ideas. For web writers, one solution to this dilemma seems to be to avoid copyrighted material as much as possible and create original content. â€Å"This content does not need to be entirely dissimilar from a copyrighted work you would have liked to use. Copyright law protects the expression of ideas, not the ideas themselves† (Farkas & Farkas 349). But this solution creates problems with recreational forms of websites. Those built by fans of a popular TV show, for instance, have no personal photos of their favorite actors and actresses and inevitably rely on scanned publicity photos and content from official sites to populate their galleries and create their custom graphics. This example might then fall under the fair use defense, which â€Å"has to make the case that [use] of the copyrighted work of another should be legally permitted, notwithstanding the copyright owner's exclusive rights in her work† (George Washington).

Amitav Ghosh Essay

Amitav Ghosh (born July 11, 1956), is a Bengali Indian author best known for his work in English fiction Life : Amitav Ghosh was born in Calcutta on July 11, 1956 in a Bengali Hindu family, to Lieutenant Colonel Shailendra Chandra Ghosh, a retired officer of the pre-independence Indian Army, and was educated at The Doon School; St. Stephen’s College, Delhi, Delhi University, India; the Delhi School of Economics and St Edmund Hall, Oxford, where he was awarded a D. Phil. in social anthropology under the supervision of Peter Lienhardt. His first job was at the Indian Express newspaper in New Delhi. Ghosh lives in New York with his wife, Deborah Baker, author of the Laura Riding biography In Extremis: The Life of Laura Riding(1993) and a senior editor at Little, Brown and Company. They have two children, Lila and Nayan. He has been a Fellow at theCentre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta and Centre for Development Studies in Trivandrum. In 1999, Ghosh joined the faculty at Queens College, City University of New York, as Distinguished Professor in Comparative Literature. He has also been avisiting professor to the English department of Harvard University since 2005. Ghosh subsequently returned to India began working on the Ibis trilogy, of which two volumes have been published to date, Sea of Poppies and River of Smoke. He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Indian government in 2007.In 2009, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. Work Ghosh is the author of The Circle of Reason (his 1986 debut novel), The Shadow Lines (1988), The Calcutta Chromosome (1995), The Glass Palace (2000), The Hungry Tide(2004), and Sea of Poppies (2008), the first volume of The Ibis trilogy, set in the 1830s, just before the Opium War, which encapsulates the colonial history of the East. Ghosh’s latest work of fiction is River of Smoke (2011), the second volume of The Ibis trilogy. Most of his works deals with an historical setting, especially in the context of Indian Ocean world. In an interview with Mahmood Kooria, he said: â€Å"It was not intentional, but sometimes things are intentional without being intentional. Though it was never par t of a planned venture and did not begin as a conscious project, I realise in hindsight that this is really what always interested me most: the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the connections and the cross-connections between these regions.† Awards and recognitionsThe Circle of Reason won the Prix Mà ©dicis à ©tranger, one of France’s top literary  awards.The Shadow Lines won the Sahitya Akademi Award & the Ananda Puraskar. The Calcutta Chromosome won the Arthur C. Clarke Award for 1997. Sea of Poppies was shortlisted for the 2008 Man Booker Prize.[10] It was the co-winner of the Vodafone Crossword Book Award in 2009, as well as co-winner of the 2010 Dan David Prize. River of Smoke was shortlisted for Man Asian Literary Prize 2011. Ghosh famously withdrew his novel The Glass Palace from consideration for Commonwealth Writers’ Prize, where it had been awarded the Best Novel in Eurasian section, citing his objections to the term â€Å"Commonwealth† and the unfairness of the English-language requirement specified in the rules. Subsequently, he landed in controversy over his acceptance of the Israeli literary award, the $1 million Dan David Prize. Ghosh’s notable non-fiction writings are In an Antique Land (1992), Dancing in Cambodia and At Large in Burma (1998), Countdown (1999), and The Imam and the Indian (2002, a large collection of essays on different themes such as fundamentalism, history of the novel, Egyptian culture, and literature). Bibliography Novels The Circle of Reason (1986) The Shadow Lines (1988) The Calcutta Chromosome (1995) The Glass Palace (2000) The Hungry Tide (2005) Sea of Poppies (2008) River of Smoke (2011) Flood of Fire (2015) Historical Factors and Their Narratives in Amitav Ghosh’s The Shadow Lines: A Critical Study Amitav Ghosh has won many accolades for his fiction that is keenly intertwined with history. His fiction is characterized by strong themes that may be sometimes identified as historical novels. His themes involve emigration, exile, cultural displacement and uprooting. He illuminates the  basic ironies, deep seated ambiguities and existential dilemmas of human condition. He, in one of the interviews, has observed, â€Å"Nobody has the choice of stepping away from history† and â€Å"For me, the value of the novel, as a form, is that it is able to incorporate elements of every aspect of life-history, natural history, rhetoric, politics, beliefs, religion, family, love, sexuality†. Amitav Ghosh’s success as historical novelist owes much to the distinctiveness of his well-researched narratives. He remarkably manifests a bygone era and vanished experiences to life through vividly realized detail. The better reference in this context is his celebrated second novel, â €Å"The Shadow Lines† (1988) which was published four years after the sectarian violence that shook New Delhi in the aftermath of the Prime Minister, Mrs. Indira Gandhi. This constitutes a logical background in the novel, and it makes readers probe various hammering facets of violence. Also, his treatment of violence in Calcutta and Dhaka in this novel is valid even today. The novel is largely set against the backdrop of major historical events such as the Swadeshi movement, the Second World War, the partition of India, the communal riots of 1963-64 in Dhaka and Calcutta, the Maoist Movement, the India-China War, the India-Pakistan War and the fall of Dhaka from East Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh. It is the story of the family and friends of the nameless narrator which has its roots in broader national and international experience. In the novel the past, present and future combine and melt together erasing any kind of line of demarcations. The text harps on the concerns of our period, the search for identity, the need for independence, the difficult relationship with colonial culture. It magnificently interweaves fact, fiction and reminiscence. It is a continuous narrative which replicates the pattern of violence not only of 1964 but also of 21st century. The fragmentary narratives unfold the narrator’s experiences in the form of memor ies which move backwards and forwards. While focusing upon the text of The Shadow Lines the paper aims at examining and elaborating Ghosh’s historical touches and their implications. Amitav Ghosh has dealt with various themes in his novels. Some of the them include search for identity, traditions versus modernity, contemporary social problems etc. Ghosh attempts to perceive the lives of his contemporaries in lands as diverse as India, Bangladesh, Egypt, England etc. His canvas is often large and his novels are peopled with a variety of characters, though not in the range of a Tolstoy or a Dosteovesky. Every significant characters is delineated realistically, As a post colonial writer, cultural heritage and identity have become important facets of Ghosh’s personality. The ability of deep research that is seen in this novel is a quality not associated with Indian writers writing English.