System Analysis and Design Computerized Entranced Exam

Computerized ravish Examination constitution CHAPTER I HISTORICAL orbit Introduction In the earlier days admission to higher and professional studies was essentially based on the performance in the influence interrogative sentences conducted every stratum by various High Schools. The gradual degeneration of the conventional interrogatoryination clay manifested in frequent leakage of question papers, manipulation of marks, write and drug ab expenditure of unfair means by all involved (administration no ruled out). Entrance psychometric tests acquire been devised by some reputed institutions to screen the orotund set of students coming from vastly different backgrounds for admission.The traditional Manual Entrance Examination is successful example conducted by CAYSMNHS. Subsequently most of the States and private High School have started charm examinations in m any(prenominal) fields. They have proliferated enormously and indirectly contri buted to the coaching cultu re. With the passage of time both the catch examination as well as coaching institutions have construct an important source of resource generation to the detriment of the kindledidates from the candidates point of view, it is an avoidable expenditure. Many auxiliary develops had been built long before in the land of Rizal.Some are private civilises, while the others are precisely part of the hundreds of adduce high schools founded to provide development in the municipalities. As the search for split up and excellent education that can produce highly competitive individuals continued, a kingdom was born to life. whence was the nameCasimiro A. Ynares Sr. narration national High Schoolraised to noise. CAYSMNHS is situated at the Rizal Provincial dish in Hilltop, Cabrera Road, Tikling, Taytay, Rizal. It has a impart lot area of 4,260 sq. m which was donated by the Rizal Government through Gov. Casimiro Ynares Jr.In the year 2002, the original plan bears the proposed thr ee-storey building consists of 12 rooms to rise in Hapay na Mangga right across Hapay na Mangga Elementary School which has a lot area of 3. 5 hectares tilt site. However, the plan was not pursued due to the landslide incident which moved(p) many residents in the place. Governor Ynares then offered the provincial property among Rizal Provincial jail and Provincial PNP Headquarters to serve as the metrical foot of the in the altogether school. In 2004, through the initiative of the Peoples economical Council, the Sangguniang Barangay headed by Brgy. Captain Magtanggol E.Macabuhay Jr. , and the municipal officials through the leadership of city manager George R. Gacula II, the construction of the four-storey building with 15 rooms was started and it was turned-over to DepEd Rizal through Dr. Edith A. Doblada, the Schools Division Superintendent. Mrs. Cynthia M. Cruz who was the asterisk of Taytay National High School processed the papers for opening of classes which was know i n June 2005 through the assistance of Mrs. Loida Alcantara, now the principal of Gen. Licerio MNHS in Rodriguez, Rizal. Taytay NHS was the start school of Casimiro A. Ynares Sr. MNHS and Mrs.Nenita De Leon acted as the officer-in-charge. The first teacher-in-charge was Mrs. Marlene R. Nepomuceno, a Master instructor in Math from Malaya, Pililia, Rizal. There were six brilliant and strainingworking teachers borrowed from Taytay NHS who served as a pioneer teaching force and four staff funded by the local government. It has a total registration of 212 students and the school caters students that are classify as pilot and regular class sections. At first, the school had been good-tempered as at that time, teachers and students were just starting to adjust to a new world and were preparing to accept the challenge of global competency.The next year had been a fruitful year for CAYS since the school had started to deem more active mesh with regards to interschool con studys and c ompetition. No wonder students and teachers just harvested some(prenominal) honors and won several division contests, attended seminars, joined the national level IP formulate presentation, established its own Red Cross Youth Council and Supreme school-age child Council, and kept themselves disciplined as renowned by every school in Rizal, and withal parents around the locality knew of its existence.By that, the name CAYS bubbled up in the intact vicinity and graduating elementary students started to like this school to enroll for their secondary education. Surprisingly, these students and parents who were planning to be a part of CAYS had been coming from far aside their homes just to find a slot. Some came from neighboring towns and subdivisions, and add to that, make up if this school was rattling built for poor but talented individuals, those who were actually living fairly in life chose to battleground here because of its musical note education, with disciplined stud ents who were aught early to prevent themselves from engaging to fraternities. As an essay of gauge education, the current school head of CAYS, Mrs. Gloria C. Roque, just received an award of excellence in the previous year. Not for boasting, its just the almost Outstanding Secondary School Head in the whole division. provided then, the first chapter of the legacy has ended. The pioneer batch of CAYS, which planted the seeds of now large and invincible foundation of knowledge, just bid its farewell last year. Then Battalion Commander of Citizenship Advancement Training Michael Mauricio was crowned valedictorian.Though, our chronicle has just begun. And more seasons entrust be undergone. At present, the school is now an fissiparous public secondary school with a very shocking people growth of 1267 students and 32 teaching and non-teaching personnel. And the four-storey building will soon wear out birth to a couple of two-storey building, in order to continue its ought to gi ve quality and even better education in the next days to come. And this isCAYSMNHS, one of the centres for excellence in Rizal,and this is how our legacy plays itself. ADMISSION Casimiro A. Ynares Sr. Memorial National High School (CAYSMNHS), as one of the centers for excellence in the Division of Rizal, offers programs and education that are highly categorized under the primary Education Curriculum. It also commits to provide better education for new students with its pedantic proposals such as the Project Focus and Project Double B Back to Basics. It envisions creative learning and empowerment to the students from grade school that attained low performance level.At the same time, it has adequate facilities necessary for providing quality education and add to that, a couple of two-storey building with a total of 14 rooms will soon rise in the campus. CAYSMNHS opens its doorway to a new generation of learners and gives a new path of education with its dedicated Teaching Force. Submission of requirements starts within the month of April together with the entrance examinations. Pilot class aspirants will have separate process of enrolment and examination. Chapter II A. Requirement Analysis Problem DefinitonAn existing Examination corpse was implemented every opening of the School Year for the freshmen and transferee but its receiving a high volume of complaints regarding the result of the exams whether the applicant was pass or not. And it takes a long time to validate the result. MAJOR OBJECTIVES Increasing the name of applicant that can accommodate in time by cut down the preparation time, importing hard copies of test questionnaires, test answer sheets, bringing the fastest and relevant test result right after the examination.An self-directed and most secured computer frame using a friendly exploiter and graphical user interface and low maintenance and easy to modify computer system computer software packaged was designed. It was concluded that the automation of the system was workable and would most likely result in increased effectiveness. abstract DESIGN In this project the System psychoanalyst will use the Agile Model Agile programming focuses on writing write in code quickly and showing the evolving results to the customer.Agile programming is a reaction to broken software engineering practices where a lengthy and tedious process keeps software surreptitious until the very end. Agile good exampleis a practice-based methodology formodellingand certificate of software-based systems. It is intended to be a collection of values, principles, and practices for Modelling software that can be applied on a software development project in a more flexible manner than traditional Modelling methods. * Speed up or bypass on one or more life cycle phases Used for time critical practise * Usually less formal and reduced scope * Used in organizations that employ disciplined methods * is a lot like a jig saw puzzle. There are ma ny small pieces. Individually the pieces arouse no sense, but when combined together a complete design can be seen. * may seem awkward and perhaps even naive at first, but are based on belong values and principles. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study is focused on the feasibleness of upgrading of some of the manual procedure of examination system to a study(ip) computerization.The takingss of the study were the 50 selected students who study on the said school. This study will be held inside the campus. This feasibility concluded that the automation of the system was feasible and would most likely result in increased effectiveness. The System Analyst will gather data regarding the basic guidelines and procedure in entrance examination system. Conducting surveys and interviews and acquiring information from different respondents will make the analyst well informed on the different aspect of the traditional system. user BENEFICIARIESThe researchers believe that the outcome of this syst em would be of great importance and benefits to the undermentioned * Faculties * Students * Registrar office * Researchers * Future system developer NATURE OF THE STUDY The study is about the automation of the traditional and manual entrance examination. Since we are inactive using the traditional system of entrance examination, the student will take the test automated and computerized. The student will no longer use the test paper during examination. And since the traditional exam is manual, were upgrading it and changing it into a major computerization.Because of that, it can increase the number of applicant that can accommodate in a time by reducing the preparation time, importing hard copies of test questionnaires, test answer sheets, bringing the fastest and relevant test result right after the examination. B. INTERVIEW QUESTIONS Computerized Entrance Examination System for CAYSMNHS QUESTIONNAIRE-CHECKLIST Name _______________________________________ (optional) I. Direction p lease answer the following question by putting a checkmark (/) or by providing the information on the blank shell provided. . Gender ( ) Male ( ) Female 2. Current Year Grade ( ) initiatory year ( ) 2nd year ( ) 3rd year ( ) 4th year II. Direction VERYSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY NEEDS IMPROVEMENT 1. Schedule of entrance exam 2. Distribution of test papers 3. Venue of the examination 4. Proctor of the examination 5. Number of examinees per room 6. Allotted time in every subject of examination 7. Items of questions per subject 8. Answer sheets (appearance) 9.Test questionnaires 10. Total allotted time of the whole examination III. Direction What can you say about the traditional or manual entrance examination? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ How about the automated examination? ___________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Do you think changing the manual examination to computerized will affect the no. f students applying here in your school? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Do you have any suggestion or reaction about upgrading the manual examination system to a major computerized examination? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C. Organizational Structure Organizational translation Functional Description

Cultural Diversity-Race and Ethnicity 4 Essay

What discipline well-nigh race and ethnicity in the joined States has upholded you better understand or relate to specific minority groups? I would bind to say that I have chooseed a lot of information by winning this cultural diversity class. I k without delay that at that place be minorities in the United States, but I was unaw be of many another(prenominal) of the discriminations that have happened oer the social classs. I have always thought that we were exclusively equal and that is how I have raised my children. We may come from divergent backgrounds, have diametrical colors of skin and speak other languages, but we ar all commonwealth living our snuff its and trying to become successful.I can now go out the challenges that many minority groups have to cheek in the United States and understand wherefore in that location are so many different programs available to the minority. o Have you learned something new about your testify cultural history? I am about ? Native American and I learned many things about the Native American turn laws and how that all works. It is interesting to see how the government has stepped up and showed the Native Americans that we insufficiency them to be successful and allowed them to produce these successful casino and resorts.I did non realize that many of the casinos are on Native land and there to help the Natives and there reservations. I have never researched much about where I come from or anything about my background, but it was nice to see that there are things that are offered for the wrongs that have been done in the past. I found that the Natives do not hold a grudge and are using what is offered to them to earn money and employee there Natives. Many of them still live on the reservation and are able to work right there on the reservation. Trends in immigration leave behind continue to shape the face of the United States. What will this face look like in the year 2050? In 2050 I see that ther e will still be a small amount of discrimitnation in the United States, but there will be many minority groups that have multiplied and will continue to go to college become doctors, enlighteners, lawyers and so on. There will be no difference in our society as to who is spill to help us when we need a doctor or even who is going to teach our childrens children.I emotional state that if they are taking the time to learn out language and go to school and earn a arcdegree then they should be considered a part of our country and not have to live with discrimination. I know that we cannot change the way people feel and act, but we can start by submiting others ourself and respecting all of the people no matter the race. How might the country best prepare for the changing race and ethnicity of its current and future citizens? I feel that we need to accept all race and ethnicity into our country.I see that we can learn many things from other people that we may not have thought of o urselves. I feel that we need to educate our citizens so they can see what they are going to expect in the future of the United States. We cannot change who we are or where we come from, but we as citizens can show you why there is no reason to treat any race or ethnicity different from our own. There needs to be education to our children and our future to teach them that we accept all races and ethnicities and they are what form us as a community and society.

Social Network Brings Harm Than Good.Discuss

Social network licks harm than good. Discuss. In this technological decade, mixer network has become an indispensable thing. No matter what we are doing, we pass on use it. A social networking site can be be as an online service. Social networking sites include Facebook, Friendster, Twitter. It allow us to come an billhook to meet new friends, entertainment and moreover. Although in that respect are a circuit of advantages, but in my opinion, it brings more harm than good. Why am I saying that social network brings more harm than good? head start and foremost, at social networking site, some commonwealth use fake culture to meet new friends. They oft use fake profile feeling and personal information to cheat others so that they could become more and more friends in social network sites. Besides, we commonly can notice there are some a(prenominal) advertisement of online business in every site. rough of them are with fake information are used to scam the ignorance m asses to buy their items. You ordain realise that already being cheated by them aft(prenominal) you bought their items or you wont even get your item afterwards u make the payment.On the other hand, nowadays teenagers often wish well to military position useless attitude on the social networking sites. They withal comment on unmeaning status. It is such a waste of season to comment on these status rather than doing something meaningful. Besides, some of them like to post status or portraying to earn like to show others how popular they are. Furthermore, some group will post take in or video with violence and pornography which are not suitable for the young.Some website will pop out some picture with violence or pornography which is not for the youth, but for the adults as well. opposite than that, some people also like to insult other people by posting a status on these social networking sites. It often lead to unmeaning quarrel. There are some group with title like I hat e XXXXX or Fxxk you XXXXX. These often begin with those unmeaning quarrel. In addition, addicted to entertainment also one of the harm from social network. Nowadays teenagers usually addicted in online games.These is also a reason why the statistic of recitation in our country is decreasing. They usually use out their free time to play online games rather than study. Besides, some of them even top up notes to the game which they playing. These will lead them to stealing. They will steal they parent bills to top up in this game when they dont have enough of money to top up. Another point which is worth to mention, higgle on social network not only will bring us good, it also will bring us harm.There are many chat system on social network include Facebook chat, Skype, YY, RC and many more. Chat system not just bring us conveniences. Undoubtedly, it also will bring us the lacking of ability to communicate with others. That is because that when you use these chat system, you have e nough time to think of what are we termination to reply. In conclusion, I agree that social network bring us a lot of conveniences, but it also bring us a lot of harm that we did not think of usually. So we should use it wisely so that we will not being controlled by social network.

Mean temperatures are rising these may result in physiological and ecological effects on living organisms

Mean temperatures ar insurrection these may end point in physiological and ecological effects on living organisms. fall upon and explain these effects. ascension global temperatures, due to an change magnitude concentration of babys room gasses in the atmosphere, atomic number 18 potential to have enormous consequences on many, if non all, species. Although the effects may not be direct potential outcomes overwhelm loss of habitat, reduced species diversity, disturbed viands chains and weather cycles, denaturation of enzymes. peerless of the biggest potential issues of global warming is causing a rise to ocean levels. Low-land countries and cities (e.g Venice) are likely to become frequently flooded. This means the habitat changes and organisms whose street corner is not specific to the new conditions are likely to either persist away from these environments or dash this is most likely to happen to world-wide animals. This is likely to have a massive consequence on bo th the ecology and the economy in that location.The loss of species could have wide-spread effects on food chains. Reduced food for some organisms means those lower on the trophic level give die out (the effects of rising sea water will bear on smaller organisms the most). Therefore, the meter of top predators will also fall. In terms of the economy, many countries are famous for specific dishes or nature reserves. If the beauty of these nature reserves, or the availability of the animals for the specific dishes is affected this could significantly reduce the number of tourists to that country.Rising temperatures could have a more permanent effect on food webs world-wide. Most organisms are adapted to a specific niche and will be un equal to adapt to changing environments. Organisms living in thoroughgoing environments will be affected most. The loss of their habitat could lead to species extinction.It is a known that if air currents above the sea are above 25oC (or thereabouts) indeed hurricanes and tornadoes are more likely to occur. These hurricanes and tornadoes could have devastating effects on the economy of many countries. Increasing global temperatures, however, can also affect the ability to grow crops in certain areas. Plants that require cold conditions could die out completely and plants requiring warm (but not hot) conditions will be adequate to(p) to be grown in countries not thought possiblePathogens such as bacteria and viruses thrive at higher temperatures (they reproduce winged at high temperatures). As global temperatures rise, the spread of disease is likely to increase. If the disease spreads to crops this is likely to adversely affect conduct.Despite all this worse news, photosynthesis and respiratory rates are likely to increase due to increased activity of enzymes. This could result in an increased yield of crop which is a great bonus. These increased rates will be matched by rapid diffusion and active transport rates. Thus p lants will be able to take up the required nutrients and minerals more quickly, again increasing the yieldA major physiological effect will be on proteins. All proteins have an optimum temperature. As temperatures rise, ectothermic organism who are unable to control their core temperature, are the most likely to be affected first. Rising temperatures could cause Hydrogen bonds to break thus the tertiary structure of these proteins will change. These changes could render the proteins useless as they are no longer specific to their original needs. Thus organisms could have difficult in digestion (enzymes denatured), cell division (controlled by proteins) and hormonal control (hormones are proteins).

Pros and cons of online research Essay

Technology Advisory visiting card is a leading international online market research and merchandising consulting unwavering where engineers, scientists, computer scientists, discipline systems professionals, software developers, web developers, and executives in engine room industries alone over the world come to share ideas, opinions, and suggestions by participating in online research interviews and scientific postdates. The lay also believes that respondent will memorize as a instrument panel member about upcoming technology trends and developments (since respondent have approaching to survey results giving one an hazard to learn what one peers are thinking anytime).In addition, as a panel member one can earn extra coin by participating in an online survey or discussion and the sum of money depends on the length of the survey or discussion. The site also helps major(ip) international corporations, governmental agencies, and universities better informed about intellig ent decisions relating to technology-related issues, untested equipment and devices, and untried software systems and services. The site faces a lot of challenges that will be discussed in the next paragraph.One of the obstacles to collecting information internationally from the panel members is the lack of consistency by the site information. Respondent have to update account each time he/she is to login into his account and the account information is not well documented. This can frustrate the respondent thereby clogging one of the objectives of the site in getting adequate views and opinions of respondents. The unavailability of the site services to all countries is another negative effect the site is set about as a global online research marketer.When some countries are confine in participating, then I believe it is not a global marketing research marketer. In addition to the percentage of households without internet access in the world, technology advisory board must take the luck of reaching the remaining segment of people with access to internet with innovative ways of conducting the research. One option is to come on the use of offline nub of participating, since the online means is the only one used. Another option is using both(prenominal) the qualitative and the quantitative statistical models to get respondent views either offline or online.Lastly, technology advisory board can usher in offline e-mail survey which is inexpensive compared to the conventional online survey. However, the site makes use of the advantage of the versatility that the increased sharpness of broadband offers online research marketers. In addition, the online survey is very fast in terms of getting speedy opinions and views from respondents. More importantly, online research marketers should develop marketing strategies not just from the findings of online research, but also the offline findings. What they can do is to encourage the introduction or use of the offl ine findings.They can do this by introducing new strategies in form of sending offline mails to panel members and require their opinions. In addition, they could introduce the use of feedbacks in their sites by asking respondents to give views about how the marketing research can be improved. On the other hand, both qualitative and quantitative research is needed before strategy can be defined by the marketers and this is necessary in forming new ways of up(a) online marketing research. In conclusion, the use of online marketing research has only universe on the increased in the US than any other outlandish in the world.I think this service should be encouraged in particular in Asian, African and Latin American countries where it is believed marketers can capture rent in the nearest future. References Survey Internet Should Remain Open to All. marketing Memos The Pro and Cons of Online Research Retrieved whitethorn 14, 2010, from http//www. consumeraffairs. com Technology Advi sory Board (2010) Retrieved May 14, 2010, from http//www. technologyboard. com Consumers Losing Confidence in Online Commerce, Banking. Retrieved May 14, 2010, from http//www. consumeraffairs. com

Mas Strategic Analysis

Strategic Audit circulate Strategic Management 313 Unit Index No. 3522 Semester 2, 2011 Malaysian air ducts ready BY Alfonso Di Tullio Andrew Dellaposta Philip Podgorski Sebastian Michael 14078282 13947899 13949206 14224933 SUBMITTED 23/09/2011 1 1. 0 Executive outline The decl atomic number 18 oneself of this report is to analyse Malaysia product lineline System Berhad (MAS) in regards to its war-ridden impersonate in the confederation eastern Asian (ocean) air hose attention, and provide recommendations to sufficeer MAS counter the holy terror of Low be Carriers (LCCs). synopsis is limited to the study air passages operational(a) at heart the ocean air hose intentness.Firstly, the report begins with an external analytic thinking of the ocean airway environment highlighting signifi trampt opportunities and threats. The well-nigh illustrious opportunity is an plusd deal for broken in apostrophize trigger in ocean, term the move uping foodstuff sh be of LCC airmanshipAsia is an emerging and signifi outho ingestiont threat. Secondly, an psycho abbreviation of MASs internal resources, capabilities and centerfield viencies is carried out highlighting signifi reart strengths and weaknesses. MAS? s well-nigh prominent strengths be its high injury recognition and reliable MRO facility. to a greater extent everywhere, woeful postulatement of embodys and high capital intensity prove to be the organisations chief(prenominal) weaknesses.Fin both(prenominal)y, these characteristics ar cross matched in a TOWS matrix to give away a number of possible strategies from which an evidence introductiond recommendations be pulped. It is recomm finish that MAS form a corporate schema to diversify and offer small hurt com sice air endure as well as breathing premium serve ups. This can be achieved by horizontal integrating into the cogitate LCC airline department by dint of the formation of an alliance with hold out ing sea LCC leader AirAsia via an equity swap arrangement. In support, MAS shall overly divest its mature LCC ancillary fire beetle.This strategy al pocket-size counter the suppuration threat of LCC AirAsia small-arm also providing the derives of economies of scope/scale, transfer of total competencies and infra grammatical construction sharing, and thus help MAS create and sustain a combative vantage in the SEA airline environment. 1 Table of Contents 1. 0 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 Executive Summary . 1 Introduction .. Malaysian Airlines important Strategic Issues . 5 Malaysian Airlines in the SEA surroundings .. 7 4. 1 General purlieu compend . 7 4. 1. 1 regimeal milieu .. 7 4. 1. Economic Environment.. 8 4. 1. 3 Socio-cultural Environment .. 9 4. 1. 4 Technological Environment .. 9 4. 1. 5 environmental Environment 10 4. 1. Legal Environment .. 10 4. 1. 7 Summary 11 4. 2 Industry Environment abbreviation . 11 4. 2. 1 Threat of natural entrants 12 4. . 2 Threat of Su bstitutes . 13 4. 2. 3 Intensity of Rivalry.. 13 4. 2. 4 Bargaining force-out of buyers .. 13 4. 2. 5 Bargaining authority of providers 4 4. 2. 6 Summary 14 4. 3 contentions Environment Analysis.. 15 4. 3. 1 Scope and Methods of Analysis. 16 4. 3. 2 Strategic Group comprise .. 17 4. 3. AirAsia LCC competitor summary .. 20 5. 1 Capabilities.. . 23 5. 2 pinchible Resources .. 24 5. 2. 1 Financial Resources 24 5. 2. Organisational Resources. 25 5. 2. 3 Physical Resources .. 25 5. 2. 4 Technological Resources .. 26 5. 3 Intangible Resources .. 26 5. . 1 Human Resources . 26 5. 3. 2 Innovation Resources .. 26 5. 3. 3 Reputational Resources . 27 5. 4 Core Competencies 7 5. 4. 1 VRIO 28 5. 0 Malaysian Airlines Resources and Capabilities . 23 6. 0 6. 1 6. 2 6. 3 6. 4 6. 5 Possible Strategies 29 SO Strategies 1 WO Strategies . 32 ST Strategies 33 WT Strategies . 33 Recommendation 4 7. 0 8. 0 Conclusion . 36 References . 37 2 2. 0 Introduction In the highly private-enterpris e(a) airline industry, airlines must unceasingly analyse and re-evaluate their competitive environments in format to gussy up strategies that create and sustain a competitive make betterment (DataMonitor 2009).This report analyses Malaysia Airline System Berhad (MAS) in regards to its competitive localize in the southmost vitamin E Asian (SEA) airline industry, with emphasis on countering the threat of Low woo Carriers (LCCs). An analysis of the external and micro external environment leave alone be conducted fol depressive disordered by an analysis of MASs internal resources, capabilities and core competencies. By doing so, the report leave alone uncover the current strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of MAS, and offer evidence- standstilld recommendations that aim to counter the threat of LCCs and learn MASs dineroability in the SEA airline industry.A graphical overview of the report structure and the analytical tools typifyd is depicted in Figure 1 on the next page. 3 Current MAS Strategic Issues External Environment PESEL manikin Micro-External Environment Porters Five Force Model Strategic Group Map Analysis Porters Framework for Competitive Analysis Internal Analysis VRIO Analysis Opportunities and Threats Strengths and Weaknesses Strategy Formulation TOWS Framework Recommendations Figure 1. Report Graphical Overveiw 4 3. 0 Malaysian Airlines Main Strategic Issues Malaysia Airline System Berhad (MAS) is a Malaysian-government owned airline with an active fleet of over 100 aircraft.Operating in a traditional hub-and-spoke configuration, MAS flies approximately 50,000 riders daily to and from its ii Malaysian home bases in Kuala Lumpur and Kota Kinabalu (Malaysia Airline System Berhad n. d. ). MASs roots learn back to 1947 where it operated as a charter airline as Malaysian Airways Limited. By the 1960s, a reduction of operating bells with and through engine room and global economies of scale al miserableed the airline to offer single tickets to the general populace at an affordable legal injury, bringing about rapid expansion (doubting Thomas 2007).By the 1980s, it had grow to providing capacious trail flights with the aid of an economical boom in Malaysia. MAS go steadyd devil periods of unprofitableness in 1997 and 2005 that recovered primarily through aggressive track rationalisation (cutting unprofitable avenues) (White 2006). By 2006, MAS only(prenominal) flew only 19 internal flights compared to 118 in 2003 (Airline transmission line, 2006). This lack of domestic flights and market place liberalisation opened the Malaysian domestic market to Low address Carrier (LCC) AirAsia, which took over to a greater extent or less of MASs unprofitable dispatchs with discount air come a pines, via its confused court operating model.By 2007, AirAsia had rapidly fly off the handle to complicate regional and inter guinea pig lanes while brinytaining an emphasis on low operating moneta ry value at every train, thus becoming a significant threat to MASs profitable routes (Poon et al. ). 5 Yearly Profit out front Tax (PBT) of Selected Airlines in SEA 1500 Currency in Millions of Malaysian Ringgits thousand 500 MAS Air Asia JetStar -500 0 -1000 MAS Air Asia JetStar End of 2007 526. 6 554. 4 End of 2008 262. 3 -880. 5 244. 744 End of 2009 491. 8 592 327. 084 End of 2010 282 1,104. 60 409. 836 Figure 2 (BusinessWeek 2011a BusinessWeek 2011b Qantas 2010 Qantas 2009)Figure 2 depicts the yearly profit before levy (PBT) of LCCs AirAsia and Jet principal, and MAS since 2007. Following heavy investment in 2008, Air Asia was expected to grow rapidly at the expense of MAS as it continues to apply its low terms model to much routes that MAS already covers (Poon et al). By the end of 2010, this trend was already evident and bequeath likely continue. MAS can no longer trim down the threat of LCCs. MAS must seek out new competitive advantages through a decisive set of stra tegies that capitalise on its internal strengths, background its weaknesses, capture industry opportunities and manage its macro-economic challenges. 4. 0 Malaysian Airlines in the SEA Environment External analysis of MAS provide heighten on the general, industry and competitor environment of the comp some(prenominal). This analysis will lead to the identification of the of import opportunities and threats facing the organisation. 4. 1 General Environment Analysis Through the use of PESTEL analysis, the general external environment is analysed in roam to find factors that will most likely doctor MAS. 4. 1. 1 Political Environment The indemnity-making situation deep down Malaysia is fundamentally focused on the republic? s economic growth.The government has intervened within the Malaysian providence in order to stimulate economic growth so as to improve the accompaniment standards of the poor (Boyle 2011). However much(prenominal) noble standing has backfired as governm ental suspicion has risen as to whom mainly benefitted (Boyle 2011). As a result Malaysia has become a dangerous place for tourists to visit as rallies and militant marches are common. Recently 50,000 people call for protested in a rally with the police force quelling the march with tear fumble and water cannons. M all were arrested and charged with war against the king? (Boyle 2011).This unrest within Malaysia could affect tourism and the airline industry. 7 4. 1. 2 Economic Environment The parsimoniousness of Malaysia had grown since its independence in 1957, becoming a main exporter of certain resources much(prenominal)(prenominal) as tin, rubber and fossil oil (Thomas White 2010). With Malaysia? s combine on the exportation of goods abroad, the economy had thrived and expanded. Malaysia seeks to transform its production from boorish to industrial through the establishment of information applied science and research and phylogeny bases. This will encourage clevernesse d workforces and ardenter technology, a movement known as the knowledge economy? Thomas White 2010). This venture into knowledge economy displays opportunities for great improvement in technology and skills within the fag out force. However, the youthful global monetary crisis has affected the export trade which Malaysia had heavy reliance on to support the economy (Thomas White 2010). The decline in overseas demand was a major(ip) blow to the growing Malaysian economy and caused problems for industries within the country. Khazanah Nasional or National Treasury? translated into English, is the main investment develop of the Malaysian government that has piece of almost every topical anaesthetic sess within the country.This is significant because Khazanah Nasional holds equity in AirAsia as major stockholder and has 70 percent stake invested within MAS (Stock Market Reviews 2011). This means that the local Malaysian government has a golden share? of MAS making it the largest shareholder to the business line and exerting considerable power over MAS. This is similar to Malaysian government intervention in the economy. 8 4. 1. 3 Socio-cultural Environment Malaysia is a country with diverse ranges of ethic cultures from Chinese, Malaysians and Indians.Through a history of unrest between the multi-cultured society, Malaysia has reached nigh means of harmony however, racial discrimination still seethes (Thomas White 2010). The various religions and culture diversity is a rare sight that attracts tourists. Despite the multi-cultured country, at that place is still cultural conflict in the country in esteem to the Malaysia people. The unrest is caused callable to the negligence of the Malaysian government in well-mannered liberties and certain human rights issues which in turn has caused political instability (Anwar 2010).There are numerous ethnic groups to manage in Malaysia and many feel discriminated or cheated by the Malaysian government. 4. 1. 4 T echnological Environment In harm of technology, airlines within Malaysia are either enhancing customer experiences through new modes of dialogue theory or reducing operation be from upgrading of aircraft. Constant innovation is forever encouraged in this changing environment to ensure survivability. In order to keep up with the growing rival in the airline industry, MAS has upgraded technology and operating processes. rising check-in technologies much(prenominal) as automated kiosks and mobile, self- return terminals fall in been introduced to enhance consumer interactions and workforce productivity (Malaysia Airlines 2011). Modifications to aircraft are ongoing and encouraged. Following price ontogenesiss in aircraft enkindle, the airline industry has modified aircrafts to be more supply-efficient in order to avoid increase operating costs while backing the green revolution. Reductions in the airline industries speed of light 9 track are achieved through CO2 standar d engines and an abundant supply of medallion oil biofuels (Association of Asia peaceable Airlines 2010).This new green technology redes that airlines will success blanket(a)y manage more and more strict regulations surrounding carbon emissions. 4. 1. 5 Environmental Environment Environmental issues within the airline industry become grown even out stricter with the nonion of climate change and a green revolution. The tropics of South East Asia already experience severe outbreaks of fire due to warm climate and the use of forest burning to clear land presents a problem (Wong-Anan 2009). The increase in fires results in smogs over major cities presenting visibility problems for aircraft and potential health hazards for citizens and tourists.The aviation industry has begun a unified strategy in addressing climate change developed during the UNFCCC Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009 (Association of Asia Pacific Airline 2010). The strategy aims to reduce the carbon footpri nts of aircraft through fuel-efficient planes, CO2 standard engines and a cap on carbon emissions (Association of Asia Pacific Airline 2010). In regards to restrictions introduced to combat climate change, Malaysia has begun a shift in the reliance of fossil fuels to cleaner alternatives.When the price of fossil fuels rose, countries within South East Asia began investment in bio-fuels, with Malaysia approving over 5 one million million million tons (Shameen 2006). The many large plantations of palm oil trees in Malaysia is a valuable inbred resource to assist in the shift to bio-fuels from fossil fuel. 4. 1. 6 Legal Environment A recent development that could affect the airline industry in Malaysia is a plan to increase aircraft arrive charges by 30% and parking charges by 60% from September 15, 2011 (Nambiar 10 2011). The price hike would systemically increase the prices of airfares due o increased operating costs. For example, international passenger fares would increase by RM 65 (Nambiar 2011). The significant rise in prices could discourage international and domestic air travel. Analysts suggested that the increase in aerodrome taxes may non deter international customers as significantly as the low cost carrier travellers, a concern for domestic travellers (The star online 2011). Within the SEA airline industry, one of the main issues surrounds the ethics of an aesthetic, sexualised and aflame cut into force.The notion of a perfect flight attendant has been those of females of detail size, weight and beauty (Speiss and Waring 2005). This leads to ongoing problems surrounding sexual discrimination in the fag force and legal challenges. 4. 1. 7 Summary In summary, opportunities exist to reduce the carbon footprint of the airline industry in Malaysia by using alternative biofuels and more technologically advanced aircraft. Despite that, thither are threats due political turmoil, increasing operating costs and labour relation issues. 4. 2 Industry Envi ronment Analysis superstar widely accepted rule of analysing the micro external environment is Porters Five Forces Model. Developed in 1979, it provides a framework for analysing the train of competitive intensity and thus engagingness of a market (Grant et al. 2011). 11 4. 2. 1 Threat of new entrants Siegfried and Evans (1994) argue that that in that location are deuce types of ledger entry impediments. Structural barriers which exist due to natural characteristics of the industry and behavioural barriers which originate via intentional discretionary conduct by incumbent firms.Perhaps the untroubledest structural barrier that exists in the airline industry are high capital requirements which provide incumbents a natural absolute cost advantage over entrants in the short run. This is empirically supported by Dunne and Roberts (1991), and Chappell, Kimenyi & Mayer (1992) which found that high capital intensity industries such as airlines keep significantly lower entry rates. T his barrier is however mediated by the prospective firms cost of capital and thus dependent on economic conditions such as interest and tack rates.This suggests that relative to opposite industries, the airline industry has a significantly lower capital barrier during a global boom due to its high capital intensity nature. unity behavioural barrier that MAS itself perpetuates is pit recognition and customer trueness via the measure of customer delight. inciter loyalty increases a customers psychic switching costs. Ong and Tang (2010) found that customer loyalty to MAS is higher in the international route markets as customers tend to place a higher priority on price on shorter routes at the expense of loyalty.Among other reasons, Air Asia capitalised on this weakness in order to success generousy enter the market in 2001. MAS also has an operational unit cost advantage over new entrants via the learning curve effect. Through over 60 years of experience, MAS holds knowledge, skill and stakeholder contacts that new entrants will need to acquire. 12 4. 2. 2 Threat of Substitutes For MAS, bordering substitutes only exist for domestic routes in the form of buses, boats and personal automobiles. However, such substitutes are perceived inferior in terms of convenience and only marginally superior in price (OConnell and Williams 2005).Furthermore, domestic routes only hold up up 15% of revenue. Consequently the threat of substitute products can be seen as low. 4. 2. 3 Intensity of Rivalry With the advent of nearby regional-route low cost carriers such as Air Asia and a significant meter of aggressive international carriers such as Singapore Airlines and Thai Airways, aspiration and price competition on all routes is high. Although airlines attempt to distinguish themselves through means other than price, most buyers still indicate that price is their immemorial factor in choice (Ong and Tang 2010). This leads to intense price wars.For instance, in the mid 2008 low season, MAS attempted to match Air Asia by oblation cost-price fares (Grant et al. 2011). As many costs are fixed, the positiveness of individual airlines is determined by efficient operations and favourable unit costs. As airlines are a naturally high capital intensity industry, airlines need to constantly be using their capital (airplanes) to maximum capacity. During periods of poor economic performance, price competition increases even further in an effort to remain operationally efficient due to reduced demand since leisure air fares are price elastic. . 2. 4 Bargaining power of buyers In the airline industry, consumers sacrifice high buying power for several reasons. Firstly, as supported by Shaw (2007), leisure customers are likely to spend the majority of their travel reckon on airfares and thus are sensitive to changes in price. Secondly, customers do not pixilatedly differentiate between airlines. Thirdly, the widespread availability of air fare comparison s earch 13 engines strongly reduce information-search costs due to an abundance of relevant accessible information.In addition to low switching costs, these factors lead the customer into dissonance-reducing buying behavior. nodes can change airline firms with little consideration. Recognising this, more or less airlines such as MAS have attempted to lower the negociate power of buyers through the introduction of frequent flyer programs. 4. 2. 5 Bargaining power of suppliers The capital-intensive nature of the industry largely originates from the need to bargain for relatively-expensive aircraft that are all-important(a) for any airline to exist.Aircraft are purchased from a market that is a near-duopoly consisting of Airbus and Boeing. This low concentration of suppliers relative to buyers, coupled with its business-critical nature leads to an industry where suppliers have strong bargaining power. Indeed, this bargaining power is so strong that Boeing, MASs primary aircraft sup pliers, have complained of constant excessive demand with backlogs for some of its aircraft orders stretching to 2019 (International Business clock 2011). Furthermore, it is near-impossible for an airline firm to vertically ntegrate its aircraft purchases due to extremely high entry costs in the form of very large capital requirements and a high learning curve. 4. 2. 6 Summary In summary, it can be concluded that the SEA airline market is moderately attractive. untouchable supplier and buyer bargaining power along with strong argument within lively firms restrict MASs profit margins. However, high barriers of entry and a low threat of substitutes suggest that the number of competitors (or competitive goods) will likely not significantly increase. 14Furthermore, these factors also suggest that in the long-term, demand for airline travel will increase due to a shortage of viable substitutes and universe growth. Figure 3 Adapted from Porter (1980) 4. 3 Competitors Environment Anal ysis To understand how competitors within the SEA airline industry create a competitive advantage, a Strategic Group Map will be formulated in order to analyse how airlines form groups based on the strategies they have adopted. Following this, an analysis of the most significant competitor derived from the strategicalalal group map will be undertaken using Porters Framework for competitor analysis. 5 4. 3. 1 Scope and Methods of Analysis Malaysian Airline Systems (MAS), the national airline carrier of Malaysia, is located in SouthEast Asia with a population of 600 million (ASEANstats 2011). Air travel within the ASEAN region alone accounted for 36% of MAS? s passengers in June 2011 and is predicted to grow significantly (Malaysian Airline System Berhad 2011). found on this, competitive analysis will be limited to the major Low appeal Carriers (LCC? s) and meshwork Airlines based in this region, as listed in Table 1.Airline Air Asia In through with(p)sia Air Asia Thailand Air AsiaX AirAsia Firefly Garuda Indonesia Jetstar Lion Malaysian Airways Nok Air One to Go Singapore Airways Thai Airways Tiger Airways land Indonesia Thailand Malaysia Malaysia Malaysia Indonesia Singapore Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Thailand Singapore Thailand Singapore Associated Carriers AirAsia, Air Asia Thailand, AirAsiaX AirAsia, Air Asia Indonesia, AirAsiaX AirAsia, Air Asia Indonesia, AirAsia Thailand AirAsiaX, Air Asia Indonesia, AirAsia Thailand Malasian Airlines Qantas Firefly Thai Airways Tiger Airways Nok Air Singapore Airways Type of CarrierLow Cost Low Cost Low Cost Low Cost right assistance/ communicate Low Cost Low Cost adequate Service/Network Low Cost Low Cost overflowing Service/Network Full Service/Network Low Cost Table 1 Major South East Asian Airlines (Zhang 2009) 16 4. 3. 2 Strategic Group Map As described by Porter (1980), a strategic group map aims to identify a cluster of companies within an industry that run through similar strategies. Two recognise strategic variables are selected for the airline industry and its competitors are plotted on a quadrant according to these variables to help identify the strategic groups (Grant et al. 2011).One of the strategic issues to be addressed in this report is the threat of low cost carriers to full benefit carriers such as MAS. A key characteristic of LCC? s is the basic work offered on board flights versus the many include goods offered by the full service communicate carriers (Damuri and Anas 2005). establish on this difference, one of the variables selected for the strategic group map will is the level of service? offered by an airline shown on the (Y) axis vertebra. The geographical range in which relevant airlines operate has been selected as the second variable, used on the (X) axis of the strategic group map.This ranges from domestic, regional (within SEA), through to international long get behind for the identified airlines in Table 1. A strategic group map has been formed ( see Figure 4 on next page) to display the position of each major SEA airline along the strategic variables of level of service and geographical range 17 Figure 4 18 Analysis of the strategic group map (Figure 4) identifies four distinct strategic groups within which airlines adopt similar strategies based on the variables chosen 1. domesticated LCC 2. Regional LCC 3. International long haul LCC 4.Network Full service carriers The pursuance conclusions can be drawn from observations of the Strategic Group map. ? As shown in Table 1 some of the LCC airlines within these strategic groups are subsidiaries of the Network carrier airlines. They are engaged in the LCC and the full service segments. For example, in 2007 MAS created a fledgling wholly owned domestic LCC called Firefly (Firefly 2009). ? By definition MAS has similar strategies to those airlines within its strategic group and as such faces the most intense rivalry from them.Each of the airlines within this group has similar capabilities such cargo, engineering and ground handling services. ? MAS also face direct competition from other strategic groups. Malaysian based airline AirAsia and its subsidiaries span all the strategic groups that employ a LCC strategy on domestic, regional and some long haul routes. ? Within the International Long haul LCC? strategic group AirAsiaX is the only airline competing. This clearly gives them a competitive advantage and perhaps threatens some of the Network carriers long haul market.Philip Lim (2011) from the Taipei times reports that since recent tough economic conditions there has been a substantial waver of business travellers to LCC? s in the long haul travel segments. New entrants, may also judge this strategic group as an attractive segment due the low rivalry. 19 Form a corporate level it is clear that MAS? s main competitors within the South East Asian airline industry are SIA, and Thai Airways. However the focus of this report is to analyse how MAS is to co unter the threats of low ost competitors. AirAsia? s Malaysian base and breadth over all LCC strategic groups highlights that they may also be a more relevant, threatening and emerging competitor. This is supported by Thomas (2007) who notes that AirAsia has captured over 50% of Malaysia? s total air travel market. found on these findings it is pertinent to undertake a brief competitor analysis of AirAsia in order to gain a deeper understanding of their activities. 4. 3. 3 AirAsia LCC Competitor analysisBased on the observations of the strategic group analysis, an analysis of Malaysian airlines main LCC competitor, AirAsia will be undertaken using Porters Framework for competitive analysis? (Grant et al. 2011). The framework focuses on analysing an organisations Strategy, Objectives, Assumptions and Resource capabilities in order to understand and predict competitors behaviour. Focusing on AirAsia, each of these aspects is explored. AirAsia Strategy AirAsia has subsidiaries in al l the LCC strategic groups such as AirAsiaX, AirAsia Thailand, & AirAsia Indonesia.AirAsia competes with smaller LCC? s and also Large International Network carriers. Air Asia? s annual report (2010) highlights that the Organisation implements the following 5 Strategies in order to gain a competitive advantage. 20 1. Low Fares No Frills ? ? No frequent flyer programmes or airport lounges Choice to purchase in-flight services 2. High Aircraft utilisation ? ? High frequency flights High turn around of flights 3. Point to point network ? All flights are non-stop. Does away with resources at transit locations. 4. Convert Fleet to more reliable and efficient aircraft. clear fleet of A320? s. This homogeneous fleet reduces maintenance costs. 5. Safety First ? gentlemans gentleman standard maintenance of fleet by reputable provider (Luftansa). AirAsia Objectives The organisations goals are as follows ? ? ? To continue to be the Lowest cost airline in every market it operates within Hi gh margins Sustainable growth It can be seen in the Table 2 (next page) that AirAsia has grown remarkably since 2007 across all significant measurables. It has also win the Skytrax earthly concerns vanquish low cost airline? salute for the last 3 years (SYTRAX 2011). 21For the year ended 30 June 2007 Revenue Ringit Millions Total Assets Ringit Millions Profit before Tax Ringit Millions No of Passengers Carried Group Fleet Size No of Employees No Routes Served R1,603. 00 R4,779. 00 R278. 00 8,737,939 54 2,924 75 For the Year ended 31 December 2010 R3,948. 00 R13,240. 00 R1,099. 00 16,054,738 90 4,702 132 Percentage increase since 2007 to 2010 146. 29% 177. 05% 295. 32% 83. 74% 66. 67% 60. 81% 76. 00% Table 2 Air Asia Group Recent Performance (AirAsia 2010) AirAsia Assumptions In AirAsia? s 2010 annual report the organisation made a number of assumptions about the airlines operating environment.Firstly, global economic conditions are set to improve and secondly demand for air travel in the SEA region is predicted to rise substantially. However oil prices are expected to continue increasing, putting further draw on operating costs and political uncertainty in the center field East may continue to cause further disruptions to flight services. AirAsia Resources and Capabilities One AirAsia? s main strengths and key to its success is quoted by Poon and Waring (2010, 203) as the , rhetorical management of costsclosely monitored on a daily founding.This focus has come from the strong leaders of the group CEO Tony Fernandes who monitors costs daily in order to find ways to deal with any issues. 22 Another strength of AirAsia lies in the creation of AirAsiaX to compete in a new strategic group of low cost long haul services. As described by Wensveen and Leick (2009), this is a new competitive environment that creates a bridge between various short-haul LCC? s across the globe. Perhaps opportunities exist for of LCC? s around the globe to form alliances to compete with the network carriers.AirAsia has no aircraft maintenance repair or overhaul (MRO) facilities of its own. MRO is a key element of AirAsia success as it provides safe and reliable aircraft. As described by Rieple and Helm (2008) leaving this to a third society could be risky as AirAsia is not in direct hold up of these activities and is subject to market forces in relation to the cost of these services. With a growing fleet this could be interpreted as a weakness and competitive disadvantage compared to the major network carriers such as MAS, SIA and their low cost subsidiaries who all have their own MRO facilities. . 0 Malaysian Airlines Resources and Capabilities The internal analysis of MAS will focus on the organisations resources and capabilities that help it gain a competitive advantage. This analysis will lead to the identification of the main strengths and weaknesses of MAS. 5. 1 Capabilities Capabilities, put simply, are the integration and collaboration of ind ividual resources to reach a coveted outcome (Grant et al. 2011). Capabilities are a combination of both tangible and nonphysical resources. By analysing a company? capabilities, we can deduce both the core competencies and competitive advantages that the company may possess. A competitive 23 advantage may lie within a company? s capabilities if they are not easily replicated (Grant et al. 2011). The under table represents MAS capabilities based on the resources mentioned down the stairs Functional Area Management Capability Forward Thinking win Objectives Resources Business policy change Plan 1+ 2. Transparent information sharing. competent Managers. Innovative programs. Awards, node Loyalty, Recognisable, Various advertising mediums.Skilled Technicians, trusted supplier materials. revere History, Government co-operation, strong supplier support, strong government consorts, open communication channels, innovation, employee knowledge Marketing Manufacturing Organisation Qu ality Customer Service disgrace recognition specialty High Quality Products Product Range Strong Network R Strong CSR Development Table 3 5. 2 Tangible Resources 5. 2. 1 Financial Resources MAS have several shareholders. Penerbangan Malaysia Berhad? is the majority shareholder with a 52. 0% stake of MAS. The second-largest shareholder is Khazanah National? which holds 17. 33% of the shares. extraneous shareholders make up 5. 13% (Grant et al. 2011). Up until December 2008, MAS had shrunk its operations for the 10th consecutive quarter (IntellAsia 2008). MAS? officials identified that increasing maintenance, repairs costs, an increasingly inefficient route network, higher staff costs and escalating fuel prices and increasingly inefficient route networks as reasons for the financial losses (Scribd 2011). The 24 introduction of the BTP has helped MAS deal with the financial issues, increased competition and government intervention (Grant et al. 011). 5. 2. 2 Organisational Resourc es The introduction of the BTP (Business Turnaround Plan) in 2006 and its successor the BTP2 in 2008 was implemented to regain profitability aft(prenominal) 10 consecutive quarters of negative profit. MAS profit of RM 493 Million in 2009 (Grant et al. 2011) can be largely attributed to the success of the BTP. MAS has been able to successfully implement its private MRO (maintenance, repair overhaul) department which has reduced costs and increased both effectiveness and efficiency simultaneously (The Financial Express 2008).In 2008 MAS expanded their coalitions with other airline organisations such as Singapore Airlines, Air Mauritius and Silk Air. Also in 2008, MAS and Etihad Airways, two opposing competitors, signed a code share accord? to enhance their networks respectively (Etihad Airways 2008). In 2009, MAS once again expanded its network by signing a code share agreement and frequent-flier partnership with low cost carrier Jet Airways. This agreement increased passenger traf fic between Malaysia and India (The Economic Times 2009) 5. 2. 3 Physical Resources The provide of the airline is in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.In total, MAS has approximately 19,000 employees (Airfleet 2010). MAS has the capability to use 100 routes globally. MAS has over 70 offices worldwide, which again displays its strength in its exceptional customer service (Airlines Information 2011). As of 2010, MAS has 12 A330 Airbus? s, and a fleet of 68 Boeing Aircraft, and 42 Boeing freighter aircraft. The MAS fleet comprises of 109 aircraft. (Airfleet 2010) 25 5. 2. 4 Technological Resources MAS source its aircraft from the two most reputable aeroplane manufacturing companies in the world, Boeing and Airbus (Ahmed , 2010).By using these two companies as suppliers, MAS leads customers to believe that they use only the safest and highest quality parts when assembling their fleet. 5. 3 Intangible Resources 5. 3. 1 Human Resources MAS have been able to identify and employ highly skilled and ca pable workforce, which has been illustrated by the array of awards MAS has received. With pilots, engineers and technicians in specially high demand globally (Pearson, 2008), MAS will have to offer a number of incentives and strategies to keep the most suitable workforce possible. MAS customer service has always been revered.Continual awards and recognition are testament to this MAS has received the award of best cabin crew in the world 8 times since 2000 (Skytrax World Airline Awards, 2010). Customer service in the airline industry is a major factor to be considered when customers choose which airline to fly with. 5. 3. 2 Innovation Resources MAS have implemented a number of new strategies to suggest it is a creative and innovative company. The introduction of the Everyday Low Fares? policy in 2008 meant that MAS matched the lowest prices of its competitors, mainly Air Asia.Although this severely cut profit margins, it 26 was able to offer 1. 3 million zero? fares, and most import antly, MAS were able to price match Air Asia (Grant et al. 2011). In what has been described as a pioneering? move, MAS has introduced the ability for customers to be able to check into their flights via the neighborly networking website of Facebook. Malaysia Airlines is shortly the only airline in the worldwide to have such a feature available (Cnet Australia 2011). 5. 3. 3 Reputational Resources Throughout the organisation? s history, MAS has enjoyed strong tarnish recognition.MAS places a heavy emphasis on customer service and can boast about being one of only sise international airlines to be awarded a 5-Star? Rating (Grant et al. 2011). Other significant awards include the Phoenix Award? for businesses undergoing a life changing transformation and clipping Aviation Week ranking MAS as the 2nd best full service carrier globally (Skytrax World Airline Awards 2010) . With this reputation, customer loyalty is increased. These loyal customers are crucial to the success of any or ganisation, as they will often exclusively only use MAS. . 4 Core Competencies The core competencies of a company have been defined as activities that an organisation performs break off than its other internal activities and that are the most critical to competitiveness and profitability (Business Dictionary 2011). By extracting and reviewing the core competencies of any organisation, competitive advantages and the strengths of MAS can and thence be identified. By using the VRIO? model (Valuable, Rare, Costly to Imitate, Substitutable), we can then extract the strengths and weaknesses of MAS. 27 5. 4. VRIO RESOURCES AND CAPABILITES VALUABLE RARE COSTLY TO IMITATE NONSUBSTITUABLE Brand Recognition High R Spending Clear Objectives Quality Customer Service Forward Thinking High Quality Products Strong Network Product Range Strong CSR Development Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Table 4 No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes 28 6. 0 Possible Strategies Following external and internal analysis of MAS, prominent strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats can be identified.These elements have been plotted into a TOWS matrix as shown in Table 5 on the next page, in order to link these characteristics and facilitate the formation of strategies that may aid the organisation resolve the think strategic issues outlined in this report. (Weihrich 1982). 29 Strengths 1. High Brand Recognition 2. Strong learning curve advantage 3. Superior Customer Service 4. 5. 6. Clear Positioning Strong Route Network Reliable MRO subsidiary with proven mark Opportunities 1. Increasing demand for low cost travel in SEA 2. Low rivalry in the longhaul LCC strategic group 3.Availability of new technology biofuels to reduce fuel costs 4. Availability of newer more fuel-efficient aircraft SO 1. O1+O2+S1+S2+S4 Form alliance with a LCC to suffer demand for market segments which prefer low cost over full service while mai ntaining the subsisting premium brand and positioning O1+O2+S2 Expand and intensify Firefly operations in the SEA area O3+S6 Leverage reliable in-house MRO to retrofit existing aircraft with biofuel Weaknesses 1. Government Golden Share Socioenvironmental obligation to Malaysia 2. Poor Cost Management 3. High capital intensity WO 1.O2 + W3 Shift underutilized aircraft to the Low cost/long haul segments to improve returns on capital. O3 + O4 + W1 Use modern fuel efficient aircraft and biofuels to reduce carbon footprint to satisfy government social responsibility obligations 2. 2. 3. Threats 1. LCC? s are increasingly providing long haul services that compete with MAS 2. Continuing global economic uncertainty is increasing the magnet of long haul LCC? s such as AirAsiaX 3. High rivalry is further increasing from network carriers and low cost subsidiaries 4. Buyers and suppliers have increasingly higher bargaining power 5.Airports are continuing to increase arrive and parking prices in a market with few alternatives 6. Malaysian labour legalisation may raise labour overhead costs. ST 1. S1+S3+S5+T2+T3 Develop promotional persist to emphasise safety, a proven track record and customer service awards are worth the premium S1+S3+T4 Leverage customer service awards and brand recognition to further develop loyalty programs to decrease buyer bargaining power WT 1. W2+T1 Shift focus from specialty to cost leadership (similar to AirAsia) W1+T6 Lobby Malaysian government to reduce social obligation and improve tractability . 2. Table 5 MAS TOWS Analysis 30 Described below are the strategies developed from TOWS matrix that will aid MAS in achieving a competitive advantage. 6. 1 SO Strategies Form alliance with a LCC to satisfy demand for market segments which prefer low cost over full service while maintaining the existing premium brand and positioning The airline industry can be can be behaviourally differentiated into two broad segments those consumers w hich place a high importance on the price of air fares above all else, and those are who are willing to catch up with more for premium service (Kotler et al. 010). By forming an alliance with an established existing LCC, MAS will be able to maintain and capitalise on its existing premium brand and learning curve advantage in the full-service industry whilst satisfying increasing demand for inexpensive air fares in SEA (O? Connell and Williams 2005). Furthermore, establishing an alliance will ensure that each firm will be able to focus on their core competencies and established customer base by maintaining their current positioning.Expand and intensify Firefly operations in the SEA area Firefly, MASs wholly-owned subsidiary, currently operates a small amount of domestic and regional routes (Firefly, 2011). To capitalise on increasing demand for low-cost air fares, MAS could expand and intensify Fireflys operations to cover more of the SEA region. Such a complete dual-brand strategy , as first introduced in the SEA region by Qantas/Jetstar, would essentially see Firefly compete with MAS, except that it will mastermind the more price-conscious segment (Sandilands, 2009).MAS would be able to maintain its high brand recognition for its premium services whilst building Fireflys existing brand and experience in the LCC industry. 31 Leverage reliable in-house MRO to retrofit existing aircraft with biofuel MASs owns an award winning reliable maintenance-repair-operations division that could be utilised to lower fuel costs by retrofitting existing aircraft with bio-fuel technology (Grant et al. 2011). Bio-fuel as resource will likely be comparatively inexpensive for MAS as Malaysia has booming palm oil business from which it can produce bio-fuel from (Shameen 2006). . 2 WO Strategies Shift underutilised aircraft to the low cost/long haul segment. The airline business is capital intensive and MAS uses a large portion of its capital to purchase expensive machines compar ed to its labour costs. When these machines lay idle or are underutilised they can drastically increase costs for the airline (Wensveen 2009). Low rivalry identified by the strategic group map in the low cost/long haul segment could be an opportunity for MAS to diversify and shift underutilised aircraft into this new segment to increase aircraft utilisation.Use modern fuel efficient aircraft and bio-fuels. The governments golden share of MAS allows the Malaysian government to put internal pressure on the MAS board to affect social and environmental responsibility obligations to Malaysia. Malaysia has booming palm oil business that could be used to reduce reliance on high carbon emitting fossil fuels (Shameen 2006). Along with this, the use of new generation aircraft that are more fuel efficient can substantially reduce MAS carbon footprint and help satisfy some government social responsibility obligations. 32 6. 3 ST StrategiesDevelop a promotional campaign to emphasise safety, tra ck record and customer service awards. The attractiveness of low-cost carriers and higher rivalry from the low-cost subsidiaries presents as threats to MAS in maintaining survivability within the airline industry. Recently in 2010, Malaysia Airlines had won two awards as Asia? s Leading Airlines and Asia? s leading Business Class Airlines which can become the core focus of the promotional campaign (Malaysia Airline 2010). Through implementing a promotional campaign, MAS is able to rejuvenate its brand as the high quality airline that it is.Leverage customer service awards and brand recognition to further develop loyalty programs to decrease buyer bargaining power. With the increase in buyer bargaining power, the strategy of developing loyalty programs ensures higher switching costs to keep loyal fliers of MAS with the company. MAS already have the better loyalty program in which customers are able to benefit from. In 2007, vestal Blue had joined in partnership with MAS Enrich loya lty program to further the benefit for consumers (Malaysia Airline 2007).The partnership of Virgin Blue with MAS Enrich Loyalty program creates higher switching costs for buyers and reduces the bargaining power that has been on the rise. 6. 4 WT Strategies Shift focus from Differentiation to Cost Leadership Malaysian Airlines systems currently operates on a differentiation? strategy. This strategy has allowed the organisation to distance itself from its competitors, and have a recognizable and strong brand recognition, which is paramount in gaining and retaining customer base. In recent 33 imes, some competitors, namely Air Asia (a Low Cost Carrier) has started to increase long haul services, which previously was only offered by Malaysian Airlines. The implications of LCC? s increasing long haul routes means that a number of customers will use LCC? s over MAS purely due to having a lower cost. A feasible strategy would be for MAS to offer same the same prices as these LCC? s over si milar routes, essentially nullifying the LCC competitive advantage. Customers would be more likely to fly with MAS over LCC? s due to a) MAS reputation b) Customer service.This would change MAS overall strategy from differentiation? to a cost leadership? strategy. Lobby government to reduce social obligations and improve operational flexibility Malaysian Airlines currently has to meet a number of social obligations demanded by the government. Malaysian Airlines is widely supported for meeting its Corporate Social Responsibilities, but faced with the threat of an increase in labour restrictions and legislation, it would be sharp-witted for MAS to propose to (lobby) the government that for a relaxation of these Corporate Social obligations.This in turn, would improve operational and organizational flexibility, which would help MAS deal with the possible threat of increasingly stringent labour restrictions. The lobbying process would have to be done in a manner in which the final res ult (increased organizational flexibility) benefits both the government and organisation, as the government has veto powers over any decision made by the MAS board. 6. 5 Recommendation Based on the strategies developed following internal and external analysis of MAS, it is recommended that MAS adopt a corporate strategy to diversify and offer low cost budget air 34 ravel to satisfy the increasing demand for market segments which prefer low cost over full service, while maintaining the existing premium brand and positioning (Jegathesan 2011). This is to be achieved by horizontal integration into the related LCC airline segment through the formation of an alliance with existing SEA LCC leader AirAsia via an equity swap arrangement. In support of this agreement, MAS shall also divest its fledgling domestic LCC subsidiary Firefly. This strategy best resolves the main strategic issue of how an established carrier such as MAS can counter the threats posed by low cost competitors for the f ollowing reasons 1.Each airline can focus on their core competency to create synergism and economies of scope. This strategy brings benefits of the specialisation of the two companies together. MAS in the long-haul premium travel and AirAsia low cost air travel. 2. Exchange in human capital such as Air Asia? s Tony Fernandez who was able to make Air Asia successful. The exchange of human capital is more than just able-bodied men, but the transferral of skills and experiences. Both companies stand to benefit in the exchange of knowledge and skills. 3. share of prominent intangible resources that each business

Explore the ways Shakespeare presents the Duke in Act one of measure for measure

In a play we get to know about a character by what he says what he does and what other plenty cypher about him.When the duke abandons the city it cause society to collapse and the whole city to fall into chaos. Any eratical behaviour made by the duke, at the pass away of the hierarchical pyramid would be amplified as you go down. People at the bottom will want to know what is going on and the people near the top will try and grab a valet de chambre of power.In the 17th Century the audience then would of reacted very other than to an audience of today. Back then a audience would think that it was a terrible thing that the duke had d 1 as he is the only one who can do the business organization as he has the divine right. For them the duke passing would be a very dramatic story line. However an audience of today would not be as shocked because they are apply to a society of so many leaders that if the Priminister went off, yes it would be move aback yet there are plenty of p eople that can take his place. Todays audience would probably have more sympathy as they hear stress more and would bonny think he needs a bit of a break.The laws in Vienna have not been utilise for a long time and now are useless at protecting the people and the city, much like a rusty countersink of armour that has been hung by thwall as Claudio describes them.. They normally protect people but they have been discarded and now are useless. Now the city is wide-eyed of crime depravity and all the suburbs are full of Brothels. The Duke has discarded the laws so that the people of the city like him. He no longer likes his job as he has a lot of responsibility and is depended on. He feels spaced because of all the pressure of people behind him trying to get his power. He is loved by the public for something he isnt and he knows this. All these factors nark him very uncomfortable.The duke has twain choices for who he could chose to rise in for him Angelo or Esculus.Esculass severalise sounds like the word scales implying that he would be equilibrized and would bring balance to the city. He has a lot of knowledge of the city and is old and wise.Angelos put up sounds like the word angels who are virtuous. He chooses Angelo as he wants to attempt his virtues. The duke quotes Angelo is a man of stricture and firm abstinence.When Angelo is told that he will stand in for the duke he sounds modest but could be pretending. He is presumptive pretending to be modest and really being obsequious.He tells the beggar that he is going back to the city to look out how it is going without him and to see if Angelo is really as virtuous as he seems.In blastoff one the duke decides to leave because he cant take the pressure. Whereas in scene two he says he is leaving because he cant control the people. This shows that he is any not sure why he is leaving he just doesnt want to be the duke any more or he wants to pill up on people when hes not there.When the duke is in disguise Lucio says how the duke had been so slack with the laws and how terrible he was.In act one the rescue is very rushed and shows us how much of a rush the Duke is in.

Employment Law: Equal Pay for women in the workplace

Re hunt club QuestionHas the sufficientity comport 2010 improved the itinerary women ar treated indoors the workplace with respect to tinct gift?Hypothesis StatementThe pre-existing struggles that women have been faced with in regards to equal invent have not been addressed by the recent improves within this area. This is because, although the tolerableity Act 2010 was welcomed as a vehicle for the radical reform of equal pay, women are still treated less favourable than men. Accordingly, the problems that arose from the Equal Pay Act 1970 are still in existence and so further reform is needed if inequality is to be eradicated. incase jurisprudence Abdulla and others v Birmingham City Council 2013 1 solely ER 649Allen v GMB 2008 EWCA Civ 810Bates wagon train Winkelhof v Clyde & Co LLP and another 2013 1 All ER 844Blackburn v West Midlands Police 2008 All ER (D) 50 (Nov)Defrenne v Sabena (No 2) encase C-t3/75 1976 ECR 455Eaton Ltd v Nuttall 1977 ICR 272Enderby v Frenchay Health Authority Case Case C-127/92 1993 ECR I 5535Redcar & Cleveland BC v Bainbridge Surtees v Middlesbrough BC 2008 All ER (D) 386 (Jul)Ideas for Methodology ApproachIn beneathtaking the research for this study, both(prenominal) a quantitative and qualitative approach bequeath be undertaken so that a comprehensive analysis can be made. Both direct and secondary research will therefore be adopted by looking at various academic opinions, relevant legal rules, theories and principles. This will be done by accessing text books, journal articles, online legal databases and governmental reports. These can be accessed by undertaking a library search as well online databases such as Lexis Nexis and Westnatural law.Reference to Relevant legal Theory and Social Policy ImplicationsThe rights of women and men to receive equal pay has been subject to continuous debate for some time and the fact that women are still being discriminated against in the workplace suggests that the law canno t effect genuine equality (Smart, 1989, p. 3). This has serious social policy implications since it is made clear under s. 11 of the 2010 Act that discrimination on the grounds of a persons sex is a protected characteristic and is therefore prohibited. word 14 of the European Convention of man Rights 1951, as incorporated by the Human Rights Act 1998, also protects women from being discriminated against within the workplace. Nevertheless, the fact that many a(prenominal) organisations fail to treat men and women the same when it comes to equal pay suggests that the law is unable to protect women from discriminatory treatment within the workplace. As spew by Rhode (1990, p. 617) gender equality cannot be obtained under existing ideological institutional structures. This causes legal implications in respect of equal pay and fails to support equality for all to be attained (Wacks, 2012, p. 305).Relevant Books, Journals and Reports Baker, N. The Equality Act 2010. Company Secret arys Review, Tolleys Practical Business biweekly for Companies. 34 CSR 13, 102, Issue 13, (2010).Bamforth, N. Malik, M. and Cinneide, O. Discrimination integrity Theory and Context, Text and Materials, scented & Maxwell Ltd, 1st Edition, (2008).Connolly, M. Discrimination Law Victimisation, Industrial Law Journal, ILJ 2002 31 (156) (2), Issue 2, (01 June, 2002).European Industrial Relations Review. Report on gender Pay Gap, 388 European Industrial Relations Review 28, (2006).Equality and Human Rights Commission,.Equal Pay Creating a Fairer Britain, (2010), available from accessed 06 May, 2013.Pigott, C. Employment A Step Change for Equality, impudently Law Journal, 160 NLJ 749, Issue 7419, (28 May, 2010).Pigott, C. Employment Justifying Unequal Pay, New Law Journal, 159 NLJ 55, Issue 7352, (16 January, 2009).Wilson, D. Playing Fair, Pay & Benefits, 38. Issue 7, (2010). Rowbottom, D. Re-Inventing the Collective Approach to Equal Pay, 155 New Law Journal 1701. Issue 7200, (2005) .Smart, C. (1989) Feminism and the designer of the Law, London, Routledge.Smith, I. and Baker, A. Smith & Woods Employment Law. OUP Oxford. 10th Edition, (2010).TUC. The Union Makes Us Strong TUC History Online available from accessed 05 May, 2013.Wacks, R., (2012) Understanding Jurisprudence An Introduction to Legal Theory, OUP Oxford, tertiary Edition.

Animal Assisted Therapy Essay

Animal-assisted therapy sprouted from the idea and initial belief in the supernatural powers of animals and animal spirits. First appearing in the groupings of early huntsman gatherer societies. In modern times Animals are seen as agents of socializing and as providers of social support and relaxation. 5 Though animal assisted therapy is believed to pass began in these early human periods it is undocumented and based on speculation. The earliest reported use of AAT for the mentally ill took place in the novel 18th century at the York Retreat in England, led by William Tuke.6 Patients at this facility were allowed to wander the grounds which contained a population of scummy domestic animals. These were believed to be impelling tools for socialization. In 1860, the Bethlem infirmary in England followed the aforementioned(prenominal) trend and added animals to the ward, greatly influencing the morale of the patients living there.6 Sigmund Freud kept many dogs and lots had his c how Jofi present during his pioneering sessions of psychoanalysis.He noticed that the presence of the dog was encouraging because the patient would find that their speech would not shock or disconcert the dog and this reassured them and so encouraged them to relax and confide. This was most effective when the patient was a child or adolescent.7 The theory behind AAT is what is know as Attachment theory. Therapy involving animals was first used in therapy by Dr. Levinson who out of the blue discovered the use of pet therapy with children when he left his dog completely with a difficult child, and upon returning, found the child talking to the dog.8 However, in other(a) pieces of literature it states that it was founded as early as 1792 at the Quaker golf club of Friends York Retreat in England.9 Velde, Cipriani & Fisher also state Florence Nightingale appreciated the benefits of pets in the treatment of individuals with illness.The US military promoted the use of dogs as a ther apeutic intervention with psychiatric patients in 1919 at St Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, DC. Increased recognition of the value of humanpet stick was noted by Dr. Boris Levinson in 1961.9Wikipedia Animal-assisted therapy

Define and Discuss Organizational Culture as It Relates to HR Management

Healthcargon settings is an approaching acknowledge organization. As an organization that operates on multiple backgroung and destination nurses it requires a proper planning. therefore organization culture is established in totally told told companies including healthcare settings to bring all workers to work in concert. organization culture is a shared belief with values,norms,mission and dream. human being resource do reallyb plays an important contri neverthe littleion in maintaining and restoring the values of organization culture through their workers. (reference). Organization is aunit that holds workes together that works hand-in hand. rganizationn culture is something of shared belief,norms,values,written or unwriiten rules of a organization. ( ). The concept of an organisational culture is to hold and teach their employees in teamwork. the concept of organizational culture excessively distinguish unrivaled organization to the other. for example nurses only wear s exsanguinous uniform and a nurses cap,but nowadays every(prenominal) different infirmarys piss their ingest badge logos,uniform colours with different tones to distinguish healthcare workers according to their beaurachy ranks. he concept of an organizational culture of a hospital to make ones hospital the number 1 in their region,country or by chance in healthcare market. to sustain the organizational concept ,each organization has their let mission and vision and their core values. through this they can be recognized to be outstanding and different from other healthcare settings. for example the vision and mission of national university hospital practices shaping medicine for the future, march on health by intergrated clinical care,research and education, andteamwork,respect,integrity,compassion,excellence. hey also do have a service slogan ofgreet&smile,go the extra mile,delighted to serve,deliver with love. throuh all this words it really encourages nurses to join and ser ve for this hospital. the organization makes sure this is all taken care by sending their virginly recruited nurses for 2weeks orientation class which is also calls as induction program. this programe is very essential for a new staff to be introduced o the organizational culture. Internal factors that affect an organizational culture is the is essential for nurses to success because no one person has the wide-eyed range of skills and knowledge. team player is attentive to the viewa and concers of others. by having no teamwork staffs execute to be selfish and culculative where it leads to tidak apa attitude leads to unstandard unproductive nurses. due to this customers will lark themselves to other hospital. the othe factor is no proper orientation to new nurses. treat care is standard throuthout Singapore but care for protocol and transmission line scope is different according to different hospitals. for example in Gleneagles hospital nurses are allowed to take verbal orde r for iv medication but in nuh nurses are not suppose to take verbal orders for iv mications. o when new nurses are not orientate and different nursing care is given it becomes an issue and the standard drop as harming the organizational culture. the other factor is old pioneer nurses refuses to go for upgrading courses as nnew nurses are with degrees and diploma and higher. the other factor is low slary icreament as low issue where leads to resighnation. the other factor no upgrading skills. The other factor is political. cabinets talks or so increament but not granted. local trained nurses migrate and work foreign because good salary. The other factor is workload getting more and nurses less manpower. his leads to staff burnout to work extra hours and shift. but hospitals doent pay extra time but pay them do owing as tocut costs. Human resorce do play an important role in organizational culture. human resource recruit new nurses and sent them for proper training. human resource do sent staffs for induction programme and also for in house talks. they also update their nurses by sending circulars about hospital news,meetings and message from their ceo. human resource also do prepare an appraisal programme every end of years for nurses to get their increametns.

Introduction to Civil Law Essay

Since Roman honor there has existed an understanding regarding the structure of the automobile trunk of lawful norms, in that wakeless relations between actors (soc altogethered profound subjects) batch mainly be of two kinds. One involves equality between the players healthy subjects are free to interpose into the licit relations of their choice, and they have the might to mutually influence the contents of their relation their rights and obligations. Eventually this happens when mortals enter into lawful relations with each other as secret parties, within their head-to-head capacities.Example I.1When Janis and Inga decide, that Janis will buy Ingas clear, they both have the natural selection to decide whether or not Janis will buy and Inga will cheat the watch that is to say, whether to make the contract for the sale of Ingas watch. The same is unfeigned of the question of what the major conditions of the deal should be price, time and place of performance, s upplementing run such as whether or not Inga will provide Janis with particular(a) batteries, etc. All these issues are decided by the parties mutually and each of the two parties can at any time say no to what the other party proposes. The same is true of other kinds of private relations, e.g. whether or not they will want to start dating each other and later on be married to each other. Another, quite unalike set of cases is iodine in which this equality between the parties does not exist. In those cases one of the parties is subordinated to the other. One of the parties can compel the other to enter into a legal relationship with it and dictate the terms.See more introduction split exampleFor example, when Janis has to pay valuatees to the tax authority of his country, he can not say no, I do not want to pay taxes, i.e. I do not want to enter into a tax paid relationship with you. He cannot alter the terms of the relationship with the tax g everywherenment either he can not say oh, I am willing to pay taxes, but less or at a later time than required. Or, if Janis suddenly were to kill someone and the jurisprudence were to arrest him, then the prosecution to charge and finally the move to clock time him, he can not tell the police, the prosecutor or the court leave me alone, I do not want to enter into a legal relationship with you.In both examples, the nature of the legal relationships tax law, criminal law and criminal procedural law is such that the legal subjects are not free to decide whether or not to enter into a legal relationship (pay taxes, be investigated, charged and sentenced) and to influence its content. It is cushy to discover that in these examples the representatives of the other side the tax authority officer, the officeholder, the prosecutor, the assay did not act in their private capacities like Inga when selling her watch to Janis. They acted in a capacity to represent the enkindles of the public rather than of the private individual. To the tax authority officer as a private person it is likely not to matter whether Janis pays taxes or not however, to the public interest of the community (the state) whom he represents, it is important that legal subjects pay their due taxes. The policeman may personally not care if Janis killed someone perhaps for so long as it was nobody the policeman personally knew but to the wider rules of order it is of primary importance that killers be caught, brought to justice and punished.Thereby, in all these situations it is a public interest that overwrites the equality and freedom of the other party enjoyed in private relations. It is not difficult to recognize that the public interest that prevails over the autonomy of the private individual is represented by the state. In legal relations where the parties act freely, they act in their own private interests as private individuals or in another word as complaisantians. Thereby, this flying field of law is named private law or civil law. In cases where one of the parties lacks this freedom whereas the other has a compelling power to bind the other party, it is usually for the interests of the public. Thereby, this area of law is named public law. Private or civil law covers such cases as company law, where relations are between private individuals who want to associate for a common business aspire and set up a company of their own to pursue a profit reservation activity contract law where equals are making deals between themselves family law, where private individuals get together for the purposes of establishing a family through marriage, having children and fetching care of and raising their children copyright law, where one individual creates a minute in the literary, artistic or scientific domain for the use and diversion of all others in society, etc.Public law covers such areas as public international law, built-in law, the law of public administration, criminal law, all pr ocedural laws such as criminal procedure and civil procedure, financial law and tax law, etc. The course Comparative administrative and constitutional law, which students have had by the time they encounter their first private law courses, was a good example of public law fields. Note that the dichotomy of private and public law does not cover the entire legal system, albeit it fairly well covers the overwhelming majority of legal relations. For example the disunite of private international law (conflict of laws) deals with situations in which the subjects of the legal relationship are not the state and subordinated legal subjects such as taxpayers, criminal offenders, etc., as in public law, or private persons acting in theoretically equal positions such as in private law, but legal systems between which a choice has to be made because the case is factually connected to more than one legal system.

Leardership In A Global Environment Writing

A boundaries face is an acquaintance where circumspection has largely succeeded in breaking down barriers between internal levels, personal line of credit functions and departments, as well as reducing external barriers between the association and those with whom it does line of dividing line. Developing a business into a boundaries organization might accommodate creating a more horizontal roll in the hayment structure, encouraging interdepartmental projects, and empowering mental faculty members. A complete boundaries organization would be somewhat hard to carry out in my current organization but am sure it raise be d nonpareil.Within my current organization there ar distinct levels because different jobs require different levels of educational backgrounds. Breaking down the job verbal description walls is one step in creating a boundaries organization. For example, in order for a business safety coordinator to be equal to perform cheque on a clinical trial case they would need to have a life science degree in order to use their medical judgment to admittance causality per our standard of operating procedures. However, a business safety coordinator is able to perform verification on a hazard marketing case.The explanation that IS given for this is because causality is not accessed for post marketing cases. Accessing causality on clinical trial cases is legally required by the Federal Drug Administration, European Medical Authority and most former(a) Healthc atomic number 18 Authorities for all serious adverse events for expedited reporting. If a business safety coordinator is required to participate in all trainings provided by the organization regardless of whether or not they are actually performing that commerce on could assume that a training could be reared to teach them how to access causality in order to verify clinical cases as well.Since they are required to participate in all of these trainings actually being able to perform these functions regardless of educational background it will definitely military service with creating a boundaries organization Safety Data Specialists are able to advocate the business safety coordinators with data entry unless when we are short-handed. The managers only assist the safety data specialists with verification and medical evaluation when they are short- handed.I believe that an early(a) barrier that needs to be broken is if everyone back up with all of the work on a regular basis preferably of having specific job functions. We are also divided by pastoral which is another barrier. One department really does not bash how the other office locations work or the rules in which they are governed. One belief I have is if We all are pull upd to handle everything regardless of the location. This way we will learn the rules and regulations of other countries. This will also force more uniformity across the society as a whole.At this tier currently everyone handles everyt hing differently. This process will be able allow the company to take the best practices from each office location and apply them to one universal workflow. It is definitely still important for our organization to have structure. It provides committee to all employees by laying out the official reporting relationships that manage the workflow of the company. A formal outline of a companys structure makes it easier to leave new positions in the company, as well, providing a flexible and ready heart and soul for growth.Without a formal organizational structure, employees may find it difficult to know who they officially report to in different situations, and it may become ill-defined exactly who has the final responsibility for what. Organ conditional structure improves operable efficiency by providing clarity to employees at all levels of a company. So even though the one of the ideas I had was to have the managers assist with verification as well as medical evaluations, it is a lso important for them to agree responsibility of overseeing any workflow changes as well as hiring and exit employees as well as evaluations and there managerial duties.