Architecture as a Means of Upliftment in South Africa

Architecture as a Means of Fulfillment in South Africa, post-apartheid Introduction The end of Apartheid allowed for new ways of describing public institutions according Togo Nero, in an interview for the minuscule Scale, Big Change exhibition. And as a result, architecture can be seen as a sum of cultural fulfillment in post- apartheid South Africa. So the question is, how does architecture light upon social turn and identity In this country? This a two-fold question.This essay will look to address this question, In an out declination and comparison of Joy Onerous vehement Location Museum In Port Elizabeth, and the Alexandra inheritance centre of attention in Johannesburg. We will offshoot with a brief history of apartheid, and the identifys, to put the grammatical constructions into context. Followed by a look at the purposes and concepts of the afore mentioned buildings. From there, we will address the structure and materials and go into an analysis and comparison of th e buildings, ending off with the buildings in the exemplify day.History South Africans entire history is plagued with issues and tensions over ethnicity. This is evident all the way back to the early 1 sass when the Dutch and English used the Cape as their stopover point, and began to colonies, forcing the native people (such(prenominal) as the San and Koki) from their homes, and claimed the land for themselves. Battling for land and ownership between the Dutch and the English went on for m whatever, more years, resulting In events such as the Boer War. In 1910, South Africa became a member of the British Commonwealth, with both parties sharing power.By the asses, the Nationalist troupe grew in strength resulting in them finally coming into power, and the start of apartheid in 1948. Apartheid resulted in many things, save the cost important factor was that of segregation of races, and classification. Different races were given different social argonas, occupations and beas to l ive. The years to hap were full of unhappiness, and withstand- both peaceful and non. Jumping ahead to 1990, we see the beginning of channelise- laws lifted, and constitutions redrawn. In 1994, South Africa maxim the election of their first b wishing president and the legal end to apartheid.New Brighton, Port Elizabeth Is one of the oldest black townships In South Africa, with the Red Location- so named after the old red corrugate barracks there- being the Much peaceful, non-violent protest happened, and it was here, in 1952 that a group of local anesthetic NC members marched through the Europeans Only jinx at the New Brighton Train Station. This was the start of many more acts of defiance. After forty- six years, apartheid ended, and the Red Location was chosen to be a site where history and the location itself, would be preserved. Alexandra Township, in Johannesburg was named a township in 1912.It was one of the few townships that was non demolished as a result of the Group Areas Act- the township was too frequently of an important d tumesceing house for people in the northern suburbs to mind comminute. However, the government found that Alex was over-populated, and so sought to forcedly remove people. This lead to many boycotts and protests in the area. Alex is an important part of the apartheid history, as important NC members lived there at one duration or an separate- such as Nelson Mandela. Alexandra Township today is a bustling and vibrant area, with an ongoing brook to develop and preserve it.Purpose and Concept In 1998, a national competition was held to design a precinct in the Red Location that would bring tourists into the area firstly, as advantageously as to preserve the history of the area. It was to imply new house, a library, art centre, impulsion and market hall, a conference centre, and obviously, the centre piece- a museum relate on apartheid. The winner of the competition was the Cape Town based, Nero Wolff Architects. T heir scheme would formalize a public space- something that was absentminded in Red Location.This plaza would be at the centre of the precinct- the intersection between the two roadstead make waterd in the design. As well as this, there were a few factors that put it above the other entries firstly, great care and thought was put into the call of the design- not only does it blend in with the industrial buildings in the area, but it is considerate of the scale of the township itself. The second point is its aesthetic- the language is straightforward, and the buildings celebrate the cut-and-dry materials- like concrete and corrugated iron.This overall scheme does however, have a slight industrial aspect to it- which is deliberate in tying the building into its site. And the last thing was that the building had a unique onrush to preserving the history, and courting whatever exhibits it would house- all of which creates a memory evolving or so the struggle for freedom, alternati vely than apartheid itself. In 2001, the Alexandra touristry Development Project (ATOP) was founded, by the Sauting Tourism Authority, in the hopes to develop a number of tourism facilities and stem with emphasis on the heritage of the area, and to bring in tourism.Time, effort and money were similarly put into upgrading the housing in the area- and this has been a hugely successful project, major improving the lives of the people that live there. And this was a gigantic stimulant when it came to the Heritage Centre- it essential serve primarily as a resource for the conjunction they must be incentive of as essential and integral parts of the urban and social fabric of Alexandra preferably than simply as an attraction for visitors. Anyone Duggan, project something that asshole plentiful took into account, in his design- which we will discuss later.The Alexandra Heritage Site serves of importly as a venue space- where meetings, exhibitions and classes can be held. There w ill withal be a permanent exhibition, showing the history, and stories of the area, as well as artworks and photographs. But according to Peter Rich, the most important feature is that it is a place where the older generations can tell their stories and record their memories. query in Convey, online magazine, 2011-1) Structure, Materials and the Building Process For the purpose of this essay, I will focus mainly on the Museum itself, rather than the entire Museum of Struggle Precinct.In the Red Location Museum, the building itself only serves to house and protect the exhibits- the cardinal corrugated memory boxes (more later) hold all the significance and meaning. The building is designed to evoke little emotion, which goes to strengthen ones hump of the interior. This building is an example of a massive concrete structure- built from pre-cast concrete elements, and in-situ elements, such as the columns- which bring a sense of permanence to the building. Other than its sheer vol ume, perhaps the most important morphological feature is the roof.For their initial design, Nero Wolff looked to anti-apartheid protest art for clues. In the painting shown, the three seminal building types are evident, the double story school building, the box-house and the saw- tooth roofed factory. The saw-tooth is an image strongly associated with the factory, and during the times of apartheid, the factory was associated with polite virtue, as it as the trade unions that helped shape the internal struggle for freedom. Civic buildings at that time were as well as images of apartheid, so Nero Wolff wanted to create a distinction.So the Museum was designed with a saw-tooth roof- which besides offered good lighting and breathing opportunities. The Alexandra Heritage Centre primarily used red steel girders, brick and poly- carbonate sheeting, giving it a visible light appearance than the Museum- especially because it also bridges across the road, which creates an observation de ck overlooking the township. Peter Rich describes it as having an ad-hoc esthetics (Interview in Convey, online magazine, 2011-1) which is influenced by the surrounding without being patronizing.It has a civic feel, but motionless blends into the township- much like the Red Location. Peter Rich also sort ideas out from the people- he washed-out a great deal of time observing daily routines and such of the area, and used this to influence the design. both buildings used local labor. Alex not only used local labor in the construction, but also in the smaller details, like the glasswork in the windows. The Red Location used 50% local labor, and every three months, new people were brought in- trained ND put to work. This offered much in the line of employment.Analysis and Comparison which houses a library and the exhibition space and offers views of the surrounding houses. The building has many opportunities for transparency- from the entrance, you can happen below into the public sp aces, outside next to the road and in the interior, the planes are interlinking. There are also ambiguous internal spaces- this allows for great flexibility in purpose- they were designed to be able to house governmental as well as social events. Another dimension is added, under the bridge- this space is owe redefined as street.Because of the polycarbonate sheeting and glasswork, the building gets good daylight- which is important if the space is to be utilized for workshops and such. As one enters the Red Location Museum, one is brought from the large sweeping veranda, to the entrance hall- which takes you from the informal exterior to formal interior, with its large volume. The entrance hall serves as a transition space. The entrance also houses the auditorium, which can be accessed from both sides. From here, the causa is directed via a row of tall concrete columns which are the first splay- the walk of heroes.These bring you into the main exhibition space- which is initially concealed- this was deliberate, to bring in a sense of mysteriousness. The main exhibition space houses twelve towering rusted corrugated structures- the memory boxes which relate back to the actual memory boxes which were treasured items during apartheid. through and through these boxes, the exhibitions could be curates through themes. Each box is different on the inside, housing an exhibit. The memory box, is supposed to set up history, while outside of the museum is the present.The space inebriate- the twilight zone- is the transitional space, where past is lost to present. And it is in this space, which one moves around in the museum- choosing your own path and therefore creating your own understanding and story. This is achieved through a deliberate lack of hierarchy- the boxes are placed in a grid. The townships share similar histories, so it is only natural that any public buildings within them would have similarities. The obvious difference is their function, but other than that, these buildings share similar approaches, labor strategies, reasons for materiality.But the biggest similarity is that they both have a positive impact on their locations, and are strong beacons towards a better future and a new identity. The Buildings in Present Day The Alexandra Heritage Centre, after many years of delays and budget problems, is near to completion. Of course, projects to uplift and rejuvenate the area are still on going. Tours are given of Alexandra regularly (called shoo left(s)) which include visits to Mandelas Yard and the Heritage Centre. From the limited resources available, it is evident that the community think this building is a huge success- which is the most important opinion.It will take a few years, and more rejuvenation of the area, to bring in the amount of tourism that the ATOP hope to bring in, however. The museum. Currently, the next phases- the art gallery and the library/archive are completed- with minor interior issues still to be resol ved- these are not clear-cut to the public yet. Future plans for the site include more, higher density housing, and an arts school- which will include a theatre which can bring in more involvement from the community.The precinct is very successful- it brings in tourist attention, the community love it and make use of it on a daily basis. On a larger scale, the Museum does much to rejuvenate South Africa, in post-apartheid times. Conclusion When asked, how does architecture affect social change and identity in this country, one needs to look at why it is necessary to uplift the community and why perhaps, is change needed. It is evident that huge change was required after apartheid to begin to heal this country, and one of the biggest tools the apartheid government had to curb people, was space.Through the two public buildings that were compared, we can see how this country, through architecture, has begun to correct itself. These buildings are not patronizing to anyone- not any rac e or class- and aside from their obvious functions, they bring about new change and identity to their respective communities. We can successfully reach this conclusion now, as we know the background and context, and are well acquainted with the buildings through an understanding of structure, materials, purpose and concept.As with most things, change is ongoing, and the Red Location Precinct and Alexandra Heritage Centre are testament to this. As a young architect in South Africa, it is clear to me, that to create successful public buildings, a good understanding of the surrounding context, community and history is obvious, as well as an understanding that the architects role is to create spaces- and that space can have a huge affect on people, and that it is our duty to shape this space as best to assist the community as possible.